Alaska
More than half of the coastline of the entire United States is in Alaska.
Amazon
The Amazon rainforest produces more than 20% the world's oxygen supply. The Amazon River pushes so much water into the Atlantic Ocean that, more than one hundred miles at sea off the mouth of the river, one can dip fresh water out of the ocean. The volume of water in the Amazon river is greater than the next eight largest rivers in the world combined and three times the flow of all rivers in the United States.
Antarctica
Antarctica is the only land on our planet that is not owned by any country. Ninety percent of the world's ice covers Antarctica. This ice also represents seventy percent of all the fresh water in the world. As strange as it sounds, however, Antarctica is essentially a desert. The average yearly total precipitation is about two inches Although covered with ice (all but 0.4% of it, i.e.), Antarctica is the driest place on the planet, with an absolute humidity lower than the Gobi desert.
Brazil
Brazil got its name from the nut, not the other way around.
CanadaCanada has more lakes than the rest of the world combined. Canada is an Indian word meaning "Big Village."
ChicagoNext to Warsaw, Chicago has the largest Polish population in the world.
Detroit
Woodward Avenue in Detroit, Michigan, carries the designation M-1, named so because it was the first paved road anywhere.
Damascus, SyriaDamascus, Syria, was flourishing a couple of thousand years before Rome was founded in 753 BC, making it the oldest continuously inhabited city in existence.
Istanbul, TurkeyIstanbul, Turkey, is the only city in the world located on two continents.
Kola Peninsula, RussiaThe deepest hole ever made by humans is in Kola Peninsula in Russia, was completed in 1989, creating a hole 12,262 meters (7.6 miles) deep.
Los Angeles
Los Angeles's full name is El Pueblo de Nuestra Senora la Reina de los Angeles de Porciuncula --and can be abbreviated to 3.63% of its size: L.A.
New York City
The term "The Big Apple" was coined by touring jazz musicians of the 1930's who used the slang expression "apple" for any town or city. Therefore, to play New York City is to play the big time - The Big Apple. There are more Irish in New York City than in Dublin, Ireland; more Italians in New York City than in Rome, Italy; and more Jews in New York City than in Tel Aviva,Israel.
Ohio
There are no natural lakes in the state of Ohio, every one is manmade.
Pitcairn IslandThe smallest island with country status is Pitcairn in Polynesia, at just 1.75 sq. miles/4,53 sq. km.
RomeThe first city to reach a population of 1 million people was Rome, Italy in 133 B.C. There is a city called Rome on every continent.
Siberia
Siberia contains more than 25% of the world's forests. S.M.O.M.The actual smallest sovereign entity in the world is the Sovereign Military Order of Malta ( S.M.O.M.). It is located in the city of Rome, Italy, has an area of two tennis courts, and as of 2001 has a population of 80, 20 people less than the Vatican. It is a sovereign entity under international law, just as the Vatican is.
Sahara DesertIn the Sahara Desert, there is a town named Tidikelt, which did not receive a drop of rain for ten years. Technically though, the driest place on Earth is in the valleys of the Antarctic near Ross Island. There has been no rainfall there for two million years.
Spain
Spain literally means 'the land of rabbits'.
St. Paul, MinnesotaSt.Paul, Minnesota, was originally called Pig's Eye after a man named Pierre "Pig's Eye" Parrant who set up the first business there.
RoadsChances that a road is unpaved in the U.S.A.: 1%, in Canada: 75% The Eisenhower interstate system requires that one-mile in every five must be straight. These straight sections are usable as airstrips in times of war or other emergencies.
United States' WaterfallsThe water of Angel Falls (the World's highest) in Venezuela drops 3,212 feet (979 meters). They are 15 times higher than Niagara Falls.
Sunday, March 29, 2009
Days Of Exams
INTRODUCTION :Professional examinations are conducted through written answers from the candidate. Answering questions is a test of what the candidate has learnt, how he can express his understanding extemporily and the extent to which he has developed a skill in presenting his answers. The candidate has to complete the answers within a limited time without referring to books, manuals or notes. He is, therefore, advised to develop his memory and power to express his views in writing at a high speed.PRE-EXAMIMATION PREPARATION:Studying the subject :1) The candidate should study the syllabus and understand the scope of each subject.2) He should study the books suggested for each subject thoroughly. Study should be supplemented withreference books also. Brief notes should be prepared to help in refreshing the memory just before theexamination.3) First, one book which covers the subject should be selected. It should be studied intensively till thefundamentals are grasped. Usage of correct definitions, formulate and terminology get additional weightage in the written answer. Hence, these should be properly understood and remembered for extempore use.4) In addition, the candidate should widen his knowledge on latest developments in related field by studyingnewspaper, professional magazines, various legislations and by attending if possible, seminars, lectures,workshops, etc..5) The candidate should study past question papers and mentally check, if he can answer them. This will help him in knowing how he will be tested, particularly, in coverage, depth of knowledge and skills incommunicating spontaneously.6) The study material normally contains two parts-theoryand Practical problems i.e.,application of theory inspecific cases. Practical problems should be understoodproperly with examples to master the art of applyingtheory even in totally different problem areas.Practice :1) To assess grasp of the subject, it is essential that the candidate practices in writing whatever has beenstudied.2) An average candidate is normally expected to write about 2500 words in just three hours. Unless he has practiced properly, it will be difficult to write this much accurately to pass the examination. It is,therefore, suggested that the candidate should practice to write atleast 3,000 words and to solve atleast 2-3 practical problems in a week. For this purpose, the candidate should prepare his own answers to various questions, and compare the suggested answers with his own answers.3) He should see how many points of similarity and differences are there between the two.4) It is human nature to be easily bored by writing out lengthy solution. It is, therefore, suggested toattempt full written solution to a few question, in order to gain experience and familiarity with thetask of producing solutions within the time allowed in the examination itself. It will also help in.
a) Writing faster.Writing legibly;c) Forming better sentences;d) Organising thoughts cogently; ande) Communicating to the examiner grasp and understanding of the subject.f) This is equally true of accounting, cost accounting and mathematical problems.g) For other questions, an answer plan should be prepared. Answer plan is a list of points that will beused in the situatation preferably, in the order in which it will be written.h) While preparing the answer plan, in the beginning, reference books, notes or study materials may be used! Gradually, as better grasp of the subject is developed, use of such materials should be discontinued.
Difficult subjects :
Occassionally, a candidate may find a subject difficult, Actually, no topic or subject is difficult.It only means that the candidate is not familiar with it. More practice would make the subject easy.It is,therefore, suggested to1) Revise the topics often;2) Understand the inter-relation between subjects and even between topics in the same subject; (This is very important in legal matters).3) Be regular in study and in practice; six hours a week for twenty weeks is definitely more effective thaneighteen hours a day for four weeks.4) Simulate examination conditions by writing answers at the rate of 1.5 minutes per mark - no less. Otherwise,answers are not being written in examination conditions.
PLEASE REMEMBER, PRACTICE IS A REHEARSAL FOR EXAMINATION.DURING THE EXAMINATION (AT THE HALL)
A. Reading the Question paper :
First of all, please read the question paper quickly, and-1) Select the questions that you will answer;2) Decide the order in which the answers are to be attempted; and3) Plan, how you will answer the questions.
B. Selecting the Questions :
You are the best judge, while selecting the question or its part, underline key words in the questions and understandthem well.
C. Order for Answering Questions :
1) Please remember that a serious attempt at one question is more valuable than casual attempt attwo.2) First answer the questions in which you are more confident to answer correctly. It will reveal your best to the examiner. This will also allow you more time to answer difficult questions.3) Generally, compulsory question is better attempted last; unless you are confident to answer it properly.4) Mathematical questions should be decided as per your strength; if there is slight mistake - it may make you nervous. On the otherhand, correct answer to such question gets more marks compared to theoretical and general questions.
D. Answering a Question :
1) First of all, note main points on a separate paper to help in covering all aspects of the answer.2) Answers should be concise but comprehensive without unnecessary examples or explanations`.3) Question should not be repeated ! Instead, give correct reference number to question and its part with a small title like - "Different Budgeting methods" or "Materiality test", etc.4) Divide the answers in paragraphs with sub-titles to each paragraph, if possible.5) Do not use abbreviations - give full names.6) Time is of essence in the examination. Therefore, plan a time budget for each answer in proportion to marksallotted.7) Wherever necessary, use charts, linear diagrams, formats or examples from real life to emphasise yourview points. A diagram can present your views immediately as compared to many written words.Cool Explain your assumptions by way of foot notes while solving practical problems, if necessary.9) While solving problems or practical questions, give the principle or formulate first and than proceed to solveit. This will help the examiner in assesing your answer instantly.10) Normally, answers are expected on the basis of position prevailing a few months before the examination. However, you should add latest developments in your answer by way of 'underlined' notes to demonstrate your professional skills,11) If necessary, give a conclusion, recommendation, observation or personal comment in the end with a proper heading.12) If you have completed all your answers before the closing time, don't leave the hall but use the remaining time in revising and improving your answers and to ensure that all main points have been covered.
E. Presenting your answer :
The examiner has to read many answer papers. please help him to help you by -
a) Writing clearly in good, easily readable handwriting;Leaving sufficient space on all the sides of the answer sheet for recording his observations;c) Lastly, communicating in simple language while using proper terminology.
F. Answering Problems on Reports :
Many subjects require candidates to give a report on some topic. The following points should be covered in your report
1) Give the report a heading to cover the central point of the report;2) The report should mention -a) For whom the report has been prepared, e.g. The Managing Director of the Company;
By whom it is being submitted, e.g. The chartered Accountant;3) Give the date of the report with reference number,if any;4) Report should be clearly structured with a good layout by including, interalia:
a) Terms of reference or purpose of the report;The issued considered with sub-heading;c) Procedure or method used in investigating the facts and persons whose co-operation was solicited in preparing the report;d) Conclusions, observations and recommendations. :5) When the report contains voluminous data or other information, these should be appended as annexures buta good summary and important data should be incorporated in the main report itself.6) In the examination, a report should list the annexures and all annexures need not be written as otherwise theanswer will be too long and time consuming.
IMPORTANT WORDS IN QUESTION PAPERS :
Some of the important instruction words with their meaning are as under :Advise/recommed Present information, opining or recommnda- suggest tions to someone to enable that receipient totake action. Amplify Expand or enlarge upon the meaning of a statement. Analyse Determine and explain the constituent parts of Appraise/assess Judge the importance or value of evaluate Clarify Explain more clearly the meaning ofCompare (with) Explain similarities and differences between Contrast Place in opposition to bring out differene(s)Criticise Present the faults in a theory or policy or opinion Demonstrate Show by reasoning the truth ofDescribe Present the details and characteristics Criticise of Discuss Explain the opposing argumentsExplain/interpret Set out in detail the meaning of Illustrate Use an example - chart, diagram, graphExplain/interpret or figure as appropriate to explain something Justify State adequate grounds for Itemwise List
MOST IMPORTANT:
A professional is expected to assist his/her clients in adversity or in difficult situations. The candidate appearing at theprofessional examination should possess confidence to face even a 'DIFFICULT' examination. Hence, never panic or be nervous at the hall. Calmness helps in adverse circumstances to tide over the problem boldly.
a) Writing faster.Writing legibly;c) Forming better sentences;d) Organising thoughts cogently; ande) Communicating to the examiner grasp and understanding of the subject.f) This is equally true of accounting, cost accounting and mathematical problems.g) For other questions, an answer plan should be prepared. Answer plan is a list of points that will beused in the situatation preferably, in the order in which it will be written.h) While preparing the answer plan, in the beginning, reference books, notes or study materials may be used! Gradually, as better grasp of the subject is developed, use of such materials should be discontinued.
Difficult subjects :
Occassionally, a candidate may find a subject difficult, Actually, no topic or subject is difficult.It only means that the candidate is not familiar with it. More practice would make the subject easy.It is,therefore, suggested to1) Revise the topics often;2) Understand the inter-relation between subjects and even between topics in the same subject; (This is very important in legal matters).3) Be regular in study and in practice; six hours a week for twenty weeks is definitely more effective thaneighteen hours a day for four weeks.4) Simulate examination conditions by writing answers at the rate of 1.5 minutes per mark - no less. Otherwise,answers are not being written in examination conditions.
PLEASE REMEMBER, PRACTICE IS A REHEARSAL FOR EXAMINATION.DURING THE EXAMINATION (AT THE HALL)
A. Reading the Question paper :
First of all, please read the question paper quickly, and-1) Select the questions that you will answer;2) Decide the order in which the answers are to be attempted; and3) Plan, how you will answer the questions.
B. Selecting the Questions :
You are the best judge, while selecting the question or its part, underline key words in the questions and understandthem well.
C. Order for Answering Questions :
1) Please remember that a serious attempt at one question is more valuable than casual attempt attwo.2) First answer the questions in which you are more confident to answer correctly. It will reveal your best to the examiner. This will also allow you more time to answer difficult questions.3) Generally, compulsory question is better attempted last; unless you are confident to answer it properly.4) Mathematical questions should be decided as per your strength; if there is slight mistake - it may make you nervous. On the otherhand, correct answer to such question gets more marks compared to theoretical and general questions.
D. Answering a Question :
1) First of all, note main points on a separate paper to help in covering all aspects of the answer.2) Answers should be concise but comprehensive without unnecessary examples or explanations`.3) Question should not be repeated ! Instead, give correct reference number to question and its part with a small title like - "Different Budgeting methods" or "Materiality test", etc.4) Divide the answers in paragraphs with sub-titles to each paragraph, if possible.5) Do not use abbreviations - give full names.6) Time is of essence in the examination. Therefore, plan a time budget for each answer in proportion to marksallotted.7) Wherever necessary, use charts, linear diagrams, formats or examples from real life to emphasise yourview points. A diagram can present your views immediately as compared to many written words.Cool Explain your assumptions by way of foot notes while solving practical problems, if necessary.9) While solving problems or practical questions, give the principle or formulate first and than proceed to solveit. This will help the examiner in assesing your answer instantly.10) Normally, answers are expected on the basis of position prevailing a few months before the examination. However, you should add latest developments in your answer by way of 'underlined' notes to demonstrate your professional skills,11) If necessary, give a conclusion, recommendation, observation or personal comment in the end with a proper heading.12) If you have completed all your answers before the closing time, don't leave the hall but use the remaining time in revising and improving your answers and to ensure that all main points have been covered.
E. Presenting your answer :
The examiner has to read many answer papers. please help him to help you by -
a) Writing clearly in good, easily readable handwriting;Leaving sufficient space on all the sides of the answer sheet for recording his observations;c) Lastly, communicating in simple language while using proper terminology.
F. Answering Problems on Reports :
Many subjects require candidates to give a report on some topic. The following points should be covered in your report
1) Give the report a heading to cover the central point of the report;2) The report should mention -a) For whom the report has been prepared, e.g. The Managing Director of the Company;
By whom it is being submitted, e.g. The chartered Accountant;3) Give the date of the report with reference number,if any;4) Report should be clearly structured with a good layout by including, interalia:
a) Terms of reference or purpose of the report;The issued considered with sub-heading;c) Procedure or method used in investigating the facts and persons whose co-operation was solicited in preparing the report;d) Conclusions, observations and recommendations. :5) When the report contains voluminous data or other information, these should be appended as annexures buta good summary and important data should be incorporated in the main report itself.6) In the examination, a report should list the annexures and all annexures need not be written as otherwise theanswer will be too long and time consuming.
IMPORTANT WORDS IN QUESTION PAPERS :
Some of the important instruction words with their meaning are as under :Advise/recommed Present information, opining or recommnda- suggest tions to someone to enable that receipient totake action. Amplify Expand or enlarge upon the meaning of a statement. Analyse Determine and explain the constituent parts of Appraise/assess Judge the importance or value of evaluate Clarify Explain more clearly the meaning ofCompare (with) Explain similarities and differences between Contrast Place in opposition to bring out differene(s)Criticise Present the faults in a theory or policy or opinion Demonstrate Show by reasoning the truth ofDescribe Present the details and characteristics Criticise of Discuss Explain the opposing argumentsExplain/interpret Set out in detail the meaning of Illustrate Use an example - chart, diagram, graphExplain/interpret or figure as appropriate to explain something Justify State adequate grounds for Itemwise List
MOST IMPORTANT:
A professional is expected to assist his/her clients in adversity or in difficult situations. The candidate appearing at theprofessional examination should possess confidence to face even a 'DIFFICULT' examination. Hence, never panic or be nervous at the hall. Calmness helps in adverse circumstances to tide over the problem boldly.
How To Improve Reading Skill
Reading skill is one of the best determiners for school success, and yet, many children read poorly or simply do not seem to enjoy reading. How can parents help reluctant readers enjoy reading more? Here are some parent-tested tips for helping your child develop a love for reading.
· Don't nag. The very best way to make a child NOT want to do something is to nag. So abandon all those subtle, and not so subtle suggestions that your child go read a book instead of playing Nintendo, watching TV or following you around singing the "I'm bored" song. Relax…pressure just turns reluctance into stubborn resistance.· Be a book lover. Why should a child think reading is fun if neither mom nor dad ever picks up a book? Is your home rich in reading material or are all the books relegated to your child's room? Let your child "catch" you reading for pleasure or squeezing book time into your busy day and he will begin to get the idea that reading can be fun.
· Read to your kids and with your kids. Let your kids read aloud to you while you do simple chores. Many children will be willing to read just for the extra "together time" with mom or dad.
· Make reading part of bedtime. Many parents allow kids to stay up past bedtime as long as they are reading.· Make buying books into an event. Let your child choose what he wants to read and go to bookstores that have a pleasant atmosphere and knowledgeable staff - independent book stores are often excellent for this. After book buying, consider stopping off for a treat and a chance to discuss the chosen books, thus building excitement for reading them.
· Enlarge your definition of reading. Your child may prefer not to read the classics, but would be happy to read non-fiction, especially about topics or celebrities that interest him. Even comic books can increase a child's enjoyment for reading. You might also try clipping articles of interest from the newspaper or magazine - a clipping seems far less intimidating than a whole book.
· Consider some of the "picture book" nonfiction for older readers. Reading the caption paragraphs seems far less like work than tackling huge blocks of text. Also try books with semi-independent chapters so that your child isn't likely to lose interest if they put the book down for a while.
· Encourage your child to give books a chance. One parent gave her daughter a prize if she would read a "quality" book. However, if a child reads a chapter or two of a particular book and discovers he really doesn't like it, respect his tastes. We don't all like every book.
· Encourage reading as part of a vacation or day trip. Your child can read pamphlets on the destination, and plan the route on a map. After the outing, books about the things he saw will probably have more appeal.
· With a group of kids, consider helping the children create a role-playing game based on a favorite book or series. Creating a role-playing game requires writing and research, math skills and good verbal skills - all developed in a fun and exciting atmosphere.
· Try a project where your child writes his own illustrated book. Not only is this a fun introduction to reading and writing, but also the books make great gifts for friends and relatives.Get your child a read
· Don't nag. The very best way to make a child NOT want to do something is to nag. So abandon all those subtle, and not so subtle suggestions that your child go read a book instead of playing Nintendo, watching TV or following you around singing the "I'm bored" song. Relax…pressure just turns reluctance into stubborn resistance.· Be a book lover. Why should a child think reading is fun if neither mom nor dad ever picks up a book? Is your home rich in reading material or are all the books relegated to your child's room? Let your child "catch" you reading for pleasure or squeezing book time into your busy day and he will begin to get the idea that reading can be fun.
· Read to your kids and with your kids. Let your kids read aloud to you while you do simple chores. Many children will be willing to read just for the extra "together time" with mom or dad.
· Make reading part of bedtime. Many parents allow kids to stay up past bedtime as long as they are reading.· Make buying books into an event. Let your child choose what he wants to read and go to bookstores that have a pleasant atmosphere and knowledgeable staff - independent book stores are often excellent for this. After book buying, consider stopping off for a treat and a chance to discuss the chosen books, thus building excitement for reading them.
· Enlarge your definition of reading. Your child may prefer not to read the classics, but would be happy to read non-fiction, especially about topics or celebrities that interest him. Even comic books can increase a child's enjoyment for reading. You might also try clipping articles of interest from the newspaper or magazine - a clipping seems far less intimidating than a whole book.
· Consider some of the "picture book" nonfiction for older readers. Reading the caption paragraphs seems far less like work than tackling huge blocks of text. Also try books with semi-independent chapters so that your child isn't likely to lose interest if they put the book down for a while.
· Encourage your child to give books a chance. One parent gave her daughter a prize if she would read a "quality" book. However, if a child reads a chapter or two of a particular book and discovers he really doesn't like it, respect his tastes. We don't all like every book.
· Encourage reading as part of a vacation or day trip. Your child can read pamphlets on the destination, and plan the route on a map. After the outing, books about the things he saw will probably have more appeal.
· With a group of kids, consider helping the children create a role-playing game based on a favorite book or series. Creating a role-playing game requires writing and research, math skills and good verbal skills - all developed in a fun and exciting atmosphere.
· Try a project where your child writes his own illustrated book. Not only is this a fun introduction to reading and writing, but also the books make great gifts for friends and relatives.Get your child a read
General Knowledge
1. What is the largest lake in the world?
By size and volume it is the Caspian Sea, located between southeast Europe and west Asia.
2. What three countries have the greatest number of historically active volcanoes?The top three countries are Indonesia, Japan, and the United States in descending order of activity.
3. How many people worldwide are at risk from volcanoes?
As of the year 2000, USGS scientists estimated that volcanoes posed a tangible risk to at least 500 million people. This is comparable to the entire population of the world at the beginning of the seventeenth century!
4. Does all of Earth spin at the same rate?
The solid inner core -- a mass of iron comparable to the size of the Moon -- spins faster than the outer portion of the iron core, which is liquid. A study in 1996 showed that over the previous century, the extra speed caused the inner core to gain a quarter-turn on the planet as a whole. So the inner core makes a complete revolution with respect to the rest of Earth in about 400 years. Immense pressure keeps it solid.
5. How much of the Earth’s land surface is desert?
About one-third.
6.What's the deepest place in the ocean?
The greatest known depth is 36,198 feet (6.9 miles or 11 kilometers) at the Mariana Trench, in the Pacific Ocean well south of Japan near the Mariana Islands.
7. How much fresh water is stored in the Earth?
More than two million cubic miles of fresh water is stored in the planet, nearly half of it within a half-mile of the surface. Mars, too, appears to have a lot of water near its surface, but what's been detected so far is locked up as ice; nobody has estimated how much might be there.
8. How old is Earth?Our planet is more than 4.5 billion years old, just a shade younger than the Sun. Recent evidence actually shows that Earth was formed much earlier than previously believed, just 10 million years after the birth of the Sun, a stellar event typically put at 4.6 billion years ago.
9. What is the world’s largest desert?
The Sahara Desert in northern Africa is more than 23 times the size of southern California’s Mojave Desert. [Several readers have e-mailed to suggest that arid Antarctica technically tops this category; true, some researchers put it there, but most lists of deserts don't include it.]
10. What is the world’s deepest lake?
Lake Baikal in the south central part of Siberia is 5,712 feet (1.7 kilometers) deep. It's about 20 million years old and contains 20 percent of Earth's fresh liquid water.
11. What is the origin of the word "volcano"?
It derives from Vulcan, the Roman god of fire.
12. What is the total water supply of the world?
The total water supply of the world is 326 million cubic miles (1 cubic mile of water equals more than 1 trillion gallons).
13. What is the world’s largest island?
Greenland covers 840,000 square miles (2,176,000 square kilometers). Continents are typically defined as landmasses made of low-density rock that essentially floats on the molten material below. Greenland fits this description, but it's only about one-third the size of Australia. Some scientists call Greenland an island, others say it's a continent.
14. What volcano killed the most people?
The eruption of Tambora volcano in Indonesia in 1815 is estimated to have killed 90,000 people. Most died from starvation after the eruption, though, because of widespread crop destruction, and from water contamination and disease.
15. Is ice a mineral?
Yes, ice is a mineral and is formally described as such in Dana's System of Mineralogy.
16. What is the longest mountain chain on Earth?
The Mid-Atlantic Ridge, which splits nearly the entire Atlantic Ocean north to south. Iceland is one place where this submarine mountain chain rises above the sea surface.
17. How much gold has been discovered worldwide to date?
More than 193,000 metric tons (425 million pounds). If you stuck it all together, it would make a cube-shaped, seven-story structure that might resemble one of Donald Trump's buildings. First you'd have to find all those rings that have gone down the drain.
18. What are the two major gold-producing countries?
South Africa produces 5,300 metric tons per year, and the United States produces more than 3,200 metric tons.
19. On average, how much water is used worldwide each day?
About 400 billion gallons.
20. What is the highest, driest, and coldest continent on Earth?
That would be Antarctica.
21. Where are the oldest rocks on Earth found?
Since the ocean floor is being continually regenerated as the continental plates move across the Earth’s surface, the oldest rocks on the ocean floor are less than 300 million years. In contrast, the oldest continental rocks are 4.5 billion years old.
22. What percentage of the world’s fresh water is stored as glacial ice?About 70 percent. And if you had to replace it all, you'd need 60 years of the entire globe's rainfall, and then you'd have to figure out a way to freeze it all.
23. How much volcanic ash can fall in a day?I can only give an example. During the 9-hour period of most vigorous activity on May 18, 1980, Mount St. Helens dumped more than 540 million tons of ash over an area of more than 22,000 square miles (56,980 square kilometers). It was the most destructive volcanic eruption known to occur in the United States. Fifty-seven people were killed by the eruption including USGS scientist Dr. David Johnston, who was at a monitoring site 5 miles (8 kilometers) from the volcano. An estimated $1 billion damage was caused by the eruption, through mudflows and landslides as well as what fell from the sky.
24. What are the most extreme locations in the United States, compass-wise?This one is a bit tricky, and as it turns out three or even four of the answers may catch you off guard. The westernmost point is the aptly named West Point of Amatignak Island, Alaska. The northernmost point is Point Barrow, Alaska. The southernmost point is the southern tip of the island of Hawaii. The easternmost point -- go ahead, take a guess! -- is Pochnoi Point at Semisopochnoi, Alaska. Huh? Look at a world map. The tip of the Aleutian Islands lies on the other side of the 180-degree longitude line --- the International Dateline -- putting Pochnoi Point barely but officially in the Eastern Hemisphere.
25.If you were to arrange Earth, the Moon and Mars like Matryoshka nesting dolls, how would they be ordered?Mars would nest inside Earth, and the Moon would fit neatly inside Mars. Earth is about twice as big as Mars, which is about twice as big as the Moon.
26.Will Earth always be here?Astronomers know that over the next few billion years, the Sun will swell so large as to envelop Earth. If we're still here, we'll probably fry and the planet will be vaporized. There's a chance, however, that the changing mass of the Sun will cause Earth to move into a more distant and pleasant orbit. One mathematical calculation shows it would be theoretically possible for humans to engineer such a move before it's too late.
By size and volume it is the Caspian Sea, located between southeast Europe and west Asia.
2. What three countries have the greatest number of historically active volcanoes?The top three countries are Indonesia, Japan, and the United States in descending order of activity.
3. How many people worldwide are at risk from volcanoes?
As of the year 2000, USGS scientists estimated that volcanoes posed a tangible risk to at least 500 million people. This is comparable to the entire population of the world at the beginning of the seventeenth century!
4. Does all of Earth spin at the same rate?
The solid inner core -- a mass of iron comparable to the size of the Moon -- spins faster than the outer portion of the iron core, which is liquid. A study in 1996 showed that over the previous century, the extra speed caused the inner core to gain a quarter-turn on the planet as a whole. So the inner core makes a complete revolution with respect to the rest of Earth in about 400 years. Immense pressure keeps it solid.
5. How much of the Earth’s land surface is desert?
About one-third.
6.What's the deepest place in the ocean?
The greatest known depth is 36,198 feet (6.9 miles or 11 kilometers) at the Mariana Trench, in the Pacific Ocean well south of Japan near the Mariana Islands.
7. How much fresh water is stored in the Earth?
More than two million cubic miles of fresh water is stored in the planet, nearly half of it within a half-mile of the surface. Mars, too, appears to have a lot of water near its surface, but what's been detected so far is locked up as ice; nobody has estimated how much might be there.
8. How old is Earth?Our planet is more than 4.5 billion years old, just a shade younger than the Sun. Recent evidence actually shows that Earth was formed much earlier than previously believed, just 10 million years after the birth of the Sun, a stellar event typically put at 4.6 billion years ago.
9. What is the world’s largest desert?
The Sahara Desert in northern Africa is more than 23 times the size of southern California’s Mojave Desert. [Several readers have e-mailed to suggest that arid Antarctica technically tops this category; true, some researchers put it there, but most lists of deserts don't include it.]
10. What is the world’s deepest lake?
Lake Baikal in the south central part of Siberia is 5,712 feet (1.7 kilometers) deep. It's about 20 million years old and contains 20 percent of Earth's fresh liquid water.
11. What is the origin of the word "volcano"?
It derives from Vulcan, the Roman god of fire.
12. What is the total water supply of the world?
The total water supply of the world is 326 million cubic miles (1 cubic mile of water equals more than 1 trillion gallons).
13. What is the world’s largest island?
Greenland covers 840,000 square miles (2,176,000 square kilometers). Continents are typically defined as landmasses made of low-density rock that essentially floats on the molten material below. Greenland fits this description, but it's only about one-third the size of Australia. Some scientists call Greenland an island, others say it's a continent.
14. What volcano killed the most people?
The eruption of Tambora volcano in Indonesia in 1815 is estimated to have killed 90,000 people. Most died from starvation after the eruption, though, because of widespread crop destruction, and from water contamination and disease.
15. Is ice a mineral?
Yes, ice is a mineral and is formally described as such in Dana's System of Mineralogy.
16. What is the longest mountain chain on Earth?
The Mid-Atlantic Ridge, which splits nearly the entire Atlantic Ocean north to south. Iceland is one place where this submarine mountain chain rises above the sea surface.
17. How much gold has been discovered worldwide to date?
More than 193,000 metric tons (425 million pounds). If you stuck it all together, it would make a cube-shaped, seven-story structure that might resemble one of Donald Trump's buildings. First you'd have to find all those rings that have gone down the drain.
18. What are the two major gold-producing countries?
South Africa produces 5,300 metric tons per year, and the United States produces more than 3,200 metric tons.
19. On average, how much water is used worldwide each day?
About 400 billion gallons.
20. What is the highest, driest, and coldest continent on Earth?
That would be Antarctica.
21. Where are the oldest rocks on Earth found?
Since the ocean floor is being continually regenerated as the continental plates move across the Earth’s surface, the oldest rocks on the ocean floor are less than 300 million years. In contrast, the oldest continental rocks are 4.5 billion years old.
22. What percentage of the world’s fresh water is stored as glacial ice?About 70 percent. And if you had to replace it all, you'd need 60 years of the entire globe's rainfall, and then you'd have to figure out a way to freeze it all.
23. How much volcanic ash can fall in a day?I can only give an example. During the 9-hour period of most vigorous activity on May 18, 1980, Mount St. Helens dumped more than 540 million tons of ash over an area of more than 22,000 square miles (56,980 square kilometers). It was the most destructive volcanic eruption known to occur in the United States. Fifty-seven people were killed by the eruption including USGS scientist Dr. David Johnston, who was at a monitoring site 5 miles (8 kilometers) from the volcano. An estimated $1 billion damage was caused by the eruption, through mudflows and landslides as well as what fell from the sky.
24. What are the most extreme locations in the United States, compass-wise?This one is a bit tricky, and as it turns out three or even four of the answers may catch you off guard. The westernmost point is the aptly named West Point of Amatignak Island, Alaska. The northernmost point is Point Barrow, Alaska. The southernmost point is the southern tip of the island of Hawaii. The easternmost point -- go ahead, take a guess! -- is Pochnoi Point at Semisopochnoi, Alaska. Huh? Look at a world map. The tip of the Aleutian Islands lies on the other side of the 180-degree longitude line --- the International Dateline -- putting Pochnoi Point barely but officially in the Eastern Hemisphere.
25.If you were to arrange Earth, the Moon and Mars like Matryoshka nesting dolls, how would they be ordered?Mars would nest inside Earth, and the Moon would fit neatly inside Mars. Earth is about twice as big as Mars, which is about twice as big as the Moon.
26.Will Earth always be here?Astronomers know that over the next few billion years, the Sun will swell so large as to envelop Earth. If we're still here, we'll probably fry and the planet will be vaporized. There's a chance, however, that the changing mass of the Sun will cause Earth to move into a more distant and pleasant orbit. One mathematical calculation shows it would be theoretically possible for humans to engineer such a move before it's too late.
Pakistan in Guinness Book of World Records
Widest Gauge Railway The widest gauge in standard use is 1.676 m (5 ft 6 in). This wide gauge is used in Spain, Portugal, India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, Argentina, and Chile. The narrower standard gauge, 1.435 m (4.698 ft), is more common in much of America and Europe.
Most Wickets In A One-day International CareerThe most wickets taken over a one-day international cricket career is 440 by Pakistan's Wasim Akram in 319 matches between 1985 and 2001. Wasim took the wickets at an average of 24.04 runs. Born in 1966 Lahore, Wasim Akram started playing cricket, like many Pakistanis, on the streets. He made his international debut at the age of 18 after an invitation to join the national team's training camp as they prepared for a match against New Zealand. Wasim's ability to move the ball in the air combined with his pace and accuracy has earned him a reputation as one of the world's best fast bowlers. In February 2000, he received a Lifetime Achievement Award from the Pakistan Cricket Board.
Fastest Cricket BowlerThe highest electronically measured speed for a ball bowled by any bowler is 100.23mph (161.3km/h) by Shoaib Akhtar (Pakistan) against England on 22 February 2003 in a World Cup match at Newlands, Cape Town, South Africa.Nicknamed the 'Rawalpindi Express' Shoaib burst onto the cricket scene in 1999, but has since struggled to cement a first choice place in the Pakistan line-up. He has played for many teams, including: Agriculture Development Bank of Pakistan, Pakistan International Airlines, Rawalpindi Cricket Association, Somerset, Khan Research Labs, Durham, Lashings and Pakistan.
Largest MasjidThe largest mosque is Shah Faisal Mosque, near Islamabad, Pakistan. The total area of the complex is 18.97 ha (46.87 acres), with the covered area of the prayer hall being 0.48 ha (1.19 acres). It can accommodate 100,000 worshippers.
Largest Football (Soccer)football made from artificial leather PV-PVC and hand-sewn by staff at Ihsan Sports of Hajipura, Sialkot, Pakistan, had a diameter of 4m (13ft 1in) when measured on 30 June 2002.The super-sized soccer ball – an exact replica of the company's standard football – was made from 32 separate panels that were laminated, printed then hand-stitched together. It was unveiled at the Al Faysaliah shopping mall in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, by members of the Disabled Children's Society. "I was amazed at the size of the football," said one spectator, "and I imagine it would be really hard to actually play with."
Heaviest Weight Lifted With EarThe heaviest weight lifted using only the ear is 51.7 kg (113 lb 15 oz) by Zafar Gill (Pakistan), who lifted gym weights hanging from a clamp attached to his right ear and held the weight for seven seconds on May 26, 2004 at Lahore, Pakistan.Largest Volunteer Ambulance Organization
Abdul Sattar Edhi (Pakistan) began his ambulance service in 1948, ferrying injured people to hospital. Today, his radio-linked network includes 500 ambulances all over Pakistan, and attracts funds of US$5 million a year.
Largest Appendix RemovedAn appendix removed from a 55-year-old Pakistani man on June 11, 2003, at Pakistan Institute of Medical Sciences, Islamabad, Pakistan, measured 23.5 cm (9.2 in) in length. The operation was carried out by Dr. Riaz Ahmed Khokhar.The appendix is a long, thin, worm-like pouch sticking out of the join between the large and small intestines. Doctors are still not sure of its purpose – or even if it has a purpose – and although it contains immune-system cells, if it's surgically removed, health doesn't suffer.
Smallest Quran(THE HOLY BOOK)The smallest published Koran book measures 1.7 cm x 1.28 cm x 0.72 cm (0.66 in x 0.50 in x 0.28 in). It is published in an unabridged, bound version, in fine print Arabic and is 571 pages long. Dr Muhammad Karim Beebani at October 15, 2004 in Pakistan.
Youngest Cricket Test PlayerThe youngest Test player ever is Hasan Raza (Pakistan) who made his debut, aged 14 years 227 days, against Zimbabwe at Faisalabad, Pakistan on 24 October 1996.Born 11 March 1982 in Karachi, like other Pakistani cricketers Raza was given test match experience very early. The right-handed batsmen has played for Pakistan Customs, Habib Bank Limited, Karachi Cricket Association, and Pakistan.
Largest Flaming Image Using CandlesThe largest flaming candle image took place at the Serena Hotel in Faisalabad, Pakistan when 48 people lit 8,154 candles to create the Sandoz logo on December 31, 2003.
Most Men's Squash World Team TitlesThe most men's squash world championship team titles won is six, by Australia, in 1967, 1969, 1971, 1973, 1989, and 1991; and Pakistan, in 1977, 1981, 1983, 1985, 1987, and 1993.Jahangir KhanJahangir is listed in Guinness Book of World Records as having the most world championship squash titles.
He was unbeaten in competitive play for five years. During that time he won 555 matches consecutively. This was not only the longest winning streak in squash history, but also one of longest unbeaten runs by any athlete in top-level professional sport.
Most World Championship Squash TitlesSince the World Open was inaugurated in 1975, Jansher Khan has clinched the title eight times, with his relative Jahangir coming close behind winning six titles. But Jahangir has also claimed three International Squash Rackets Federation world individual titles, taking his tally of World titles to a record-breaking total of nine. In 1982 Jahangir astonished everyone by winning the International Squash Players Association Championship without losing a single point! Jansher played in his first World Open in 1987 in Birmingham, England, beating Jahangir in the semi-final. Jansher has only once failed to make it to the final in the 10 World Opens he has played.
WANT TO KNOW MORE?The famous Khan family have dominated the sport of squash for over 50 years. The champion family originates from a village called Nawakille in Pakistan. Jansher (born in 1960 and whose name means "Lion-Hearted") succeeded his relatives - Peshawar, Hashim, Azam, Roshan, Moibullah (Senior), and Jahangir, all of them champion squash stars. Since 1950, the family has won 29 British Opens.
GUESS WHAT?Jansher Khan has beaten Australian Chris Dittmar a staggering 17 times in the finals! For much of Chris' career he was ranked No.2 in the world, but finally managed to push Jansher off the top spot in the last week of his career....
Largest Volunteer Ambulance Organization
Abdul Sattar Edhi (Pakistan) began his ambulance service in 1948, ferrying injured people to hospital. Today, his radio-linked network includes 500 ambulances all over Pakistan, and attracts funds of US$5 million a year.
Sunday sees the 52nd anniversary of Pakistan becoming the first Islamic republic in the world. To celebrate their national day here are some Pakistani records from our database:
Fastest bowl of a cricket ballThe highest electronically measured speed for a ball bowled by any bowler is 161.3 km/h (100.23 mph) by Shoaib Akhtar (Pakistan) against England on 22 February 2003 in a World Cup match at Newlands, Cape Town, South Africa.
Largest collection of dummies (pacifiers)Since 1995, Dr. Muhammad Mustansar of the Children's Hospital and Institute of Child Health in Lahore, Pakistan has been collecting dummies as an educational movement against them. The collection now amounts to 1,994 dummies of different colors and shapes, each obtained from individual mothers.
Largest tea bagThe largest tea bag was made by Lipton Yellow Label of Lever Brothers, Pakistan Ltd weighing 8.9 kg (19.62 lb) and was displayed at the Avari Towers Hotel, Karachi, Pakistan on 22 June 2002.
Tallest cakeNetwork Television Marketing Ltd. created a cake measuring 32 m (105 ft) tall with 105 tiers in Faisalabad, Pakistan, on 16 August 1997.
Youngest civil judgeMuhammad Ilyas passed the examination enabling him to become a Civil Judge in July 1952 at the age of 20 years 9 months, although formalities such as medicals meant that it was not until eight months later that he started work as a Civil Judge in Lahore, Pakistan.
20 March 2008
Sultan Rahi:He is said to have appeared in more than 700 movies, and has accordingly been named in the Guinness Book of Records for the most prolific actor. He has also been featured in profiles of University of California, Irvine, college students.
Sultan Muhammad (popularly known as Sultan Rahi) (1938 - January 9, 1996) was a Pakistani film actor who firmly established himself as the biggest film personality from Pakistan in Punjabi films during the 1970s and 1980s. He was mostly popular among people in Punjab, Pakistan.
Some of his major films include Maula Jatt, Sher Khan, Chan Veryam, Kaley Chore, and The Godfather. His extremely successful film career came to a tragic end on January 9, 1996, when he was shot and killed by unidentified persons in a highway robbery on G.T. road near Gujranwala. He was on his way back to Lahore from Islamabad. At the time of death, he was 58 years old. To this day his murder is unsolved.
He is said to have appeared in more than 700 movies, and has accordingly been named in the Guinness Book of Records for the most prolific actor. He has also been featured in profiles of University of California, Irvine, college students.
Sultan Rahi was a legendary action film hero and "the Sultan", who ruled Pakistani films for two decades from 1975–1995. He was the most successful film hero on box office ever though most of his films had similar stories and actions
Nusrat Fateh Ali Khan:According to the Guinness Book of World Records, Nusrat Fateh Ali Khan holds the world's record for the biggest recording output by a Qawaali artist (a total of 125 albums of recorded music).
Ali Moeen Nawazish Sets A-Levels World Record, Guy from Rawalpindi got 22 A grades
Ali Moeen Nawazish - An 18-year old wiz-kid from Rawalpindi wanted to get into Cambridge, so he sat in seven A-Levels exams in just one year - and secured 22 A-grades, one B grade and a C!
The Urdu, English and Punjabi speaking wiz-kid is due to win another place - in the Guinness Book of Records. His Cambridge dream came true four months ago when he embarked on a computer science degree course at Trinity Hall. Ali also achieved a top score in the U.S. admissions test and was accepted by most Ivy League institutions, including Harvard and Yale.
When he filled out his university application forms at home in Rawalpindi there was barely enough space to list his qualifications. Ali finished all the exams within 12 months at Rawalpindi’s Roots College International. His entry was organized through accredited boards Ed-Excel and Cambridge International Examinations.
Apart from core science subjects he is almost entirely self taught. He studied for up to 12 hours a day, using energy drinks to help concentrate. He said: ‘Then one day it all clicked. I needed to prove to myself, and to others, that I could do it.
Most Wickets In A One-day International CareerThe most wickets taken over a one-day international cricket career is 440 by Pakistan's Wasim Akram in 319 matches between 1985 and 2001. Wasim took the wickets at an average of 24.04 runs. Born in 1966 Lahore, Wasim Akram started playing cricket, like many Pakistanis, on the streets. He made his international debut at the age of 18 after an invitation to join the national team's training camp as they prepared for a match against New Zealand. Wasim's ability to move the ball in the air combined with his pace and accuracy has earned him a reputation as one of the world's best fast bowlers. In February 2000, he received a Lifetime Achievement Award from the Pakistan Cricket Board.
Fastest Cricket BowlerThe highest electronically measured speed for a ball bowled by any bowler is 100.23mph (161.3km/h) by Shoaib Akhtar (Pakistan) against England on 22 February 2003 in a World Cup match at Newlands, Cape Town, South Africa.Nicknamed the 'Rawalpindi Express' Shoaib burst onto the cricket scene in 1999, but has since struggled to cement a first choice place in the Pakistan line-up. He has played for many teams, including: Agriculture Development Bank of Pakistan, Pakistan International Airlines, Rawalpindi Cricket Association, Somerset, Khan Research Labs, Durham, Lashings and Pakistan.
Largest MasjidThe largest mosque is Shah Faisal Mosque, near Islamabad, Pakistan. The total area of the complex is 18.97 ha (46.87 acres), with the covered area of the prayer hall being 0.48 ha (1.19 acres). It can accommodate 100,000 worshippers.
Largest Football (Soccer)football made from artificial leather PV-PVC and hand-sewn by staff at Ihsan Sports of Hajipura, Sialkot, Pakistan, had a diameter of 4m (13ft 1in) when measured on 30 June 2002.The super-sized soccer ball – an exact replica of the company's standard football – was made from 32 separate panels that were laminated, printed then hand-stitched together. It was unveiled at the Al Faysaliah shopping mall in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, by members of the Disabled Children's Society. "I was amazed at the size of the football," said one spectator, "and I imagine it would be really hard to actually play with."
Heaviest Weight Lifted With EarThe heaviest weight lifted using only the ear is 51.7 kg (113 lb 15 oz) by Zafar Gill (Pakistan), who lifted gym weights hanging from a clamp attached to his right ear and held the weight for seven seconds on May 26, 2004 at Lahore, Pakistan.Largest Volunteer Ambulance Organization
Abdul Sattar Edhi (Pakistan) began his ambulance service in 1948, ferrying injured people to hospital. Today, his radio-linked network includes 500 ambulances all over Pakistan, and attracts funds of US$5 million a year.
Largest Appendix RemovedAn appendix removed from a 55-year-old Pakistani man on June 11, 2003, at Pakistan Institute of Medical Sciences, Islamabad, Pakistan, measured 23.5 cm (9.2 in) in length. The operation was carried out by Dr. Riaz Ahmed Khokhar.The appendix is a long, thin, worm-like pouch sticking out of the join between the large and small intestines. Doctors are still not sure of its purpose – or even if it has a purpose – and although it contains immune-system cells, if it's surgically removed, health doesn't suffer.
Smallest Quran(THE HOLY BOOK)The smallest published Koran book measures 1.7 cm x 1.28 cm x 0.72 cm (0.66 in x 0.50 in x 0.28 in). It is published in an unabridged, bound version, in fine print Arabic and is 571 pages long. Dr Muhammad Karim Beebani at October 15, 2004 in Pakistan.
Youngest Cricket Test PlayerThe youngest Test player ever is Hasan Raza (Pakistan) who made his debut, aged 14 years 227 days, against Zimbabwe at Faisalabad, Pakistan on 24 October 1996.Born 11 March 1982 in Karachi, like other Pakistani cricketers Raza was given test match experience very early. The right-handed batsmen has played for Pakistan Customs, Habib Bank Limited, Karachi Cricket Association, and Pakistan.
Largest Flaming Image Using CandlesThe largest flaming candle image took place at the Serena Hotel in Faisalabad, Pakistan when 48 people lit 8,154 candles to create the Sandoz logo on December 31, 2003.
Most Men's Squash World Team TitlesThe most men's squash world championship team titles won is six, by Australia, in 1967, 1969, 1971, 1973, 1989, and 1991; and Pakistan, in 1977, 1981, 1983, 1985, 1987, and 1993.Jahangir KhanJahangir is listed in Guinness Book of World Records as having the most world championship squash titles.
He was unbeaten in competitive play for five years. During that time he won 555 matches consecutively. This was not only the longest winning streak in squash history, but also one of longest unbeaten runs by any athlete in top-level professional sport.
Most World Championship Squash TitlesSince the World Open was inaugurated in 1975, Jansher Khan has clinched the title eight times, with his relative Jahangir coming close behind winning six titles. But Jahangir has also claimed three International Squash Rackets Federation world individual titles, taking his tally of World titles to a record-breaking total of nine. In 1982 Jahangir astonished everyone by winning the International Squash Players Association Championship without losing a single point! Jansher played in his first World Open in 1987 in Birmingham, England, beating Jahangir in the semi-final. Jansher has only once failed to make it to the final in the 10 World Opens he has played.
WANT TO KNOW MORE?The famous Khan family have dominated the sport of squash for over 50 years. The champion family originates from a village called Nawakille in Pakistan. Jansher (born in 1960 and whose name means "Lion-Hearted") succeeded his relatives - Peshawar, Hashim, Azam, Roshan, Moibullah (Senior), and Jahangir, all of them champion squash stars. Since 1950, the family has won 29 British Opens.
GUESS WHAT?Jansher Khan has beaten Australian Chris Dittmar a staggering 17 times in the finals! For much of Chris' career he was ranked No.2 in the world, but finally managed to push Jansher off the top spot in the last week of his career....
Largest Volunteer Ambulance Organization
Abdul Sattar Edhi (Pakistan) began his ambulance service in 1948, ferrying injured people to hospital. Today, his radio-linked network includes 500 ambulances all over Pakistan, and attracts funds of US$5 million a year.
Sunday sees the 52nd anniversary of Pakistan becoming the first Islamic republic in the world. To celebrate their national day here are some Pakistani records from our database:
Fastest bowl of a cricket ballThe highest electronically measured speed for a ball bowled by any bowler is 161.3 km/h (100.23 mph) by Shoaib Akhtar (Pakistan) against England on 22 February 2003 in a World Cup match at Newlands, Cape Town, South Africa.
Largest collection of dummies (pacifiers)Since 1995, Dr. Muhammad Mustansar of the Children's Hospital and Institute of Child Health in Lahore, Pakistan has been collecting dummies as an educational movement against them. The collection now amounts to 1,994 dummies of different colors and shapes, each obtained from individual mothers.
Largest tea bagThe largest tea bag was made by Lipton Yellow Label of Lever Brothers, Pakistan Ltd weighing 8.9 kg (19.62 lb) and was displayed at the Avari Towers Hotel, Karachi, Pakistan on 22 June 2002.
Tallest cakeNetwork Television Marketing Ltd. created a cake measuring 32 m (105 ft) tall with 105 tiers in Faisalabad, Pakistan, on 16 August 1997.
Youngest civil judgeMuhammad Ilyas passed the examination enabling him to become a Civil Judge in July 1952 at the age of 20 years 9 months, although formalities such as medicals meant that it was not until eight months later that he started work as a Civil Judge in Lahore, Pakistan.
20 March 2008
Sultan Rahi:He is said to have appeared in more than 700 movies, and has accordingly been named in the Guinness Book of Records for the most prolific actor. He has also been featured in profiles of University of California, Irvine, college students.
Sultan Muhammad (popularly known as Sultan Rahi) (1938 - January 9, 1996) was a Pakistani film actor who firmly established himself as the biggest film personality from Pakistan in Punjabi films during the 1970s and 1980s. He was mostly popular among people in Punjab, Pakistan.
Some of his major films include Maula Jatt, Sher Khan, Chan Veryam, Kaley Chore, and The Godfather. His extremely successful film career came to a tragic end on January 9, 1996, when he was shot and killed by unidentified persons in a highway robbery on G.T. road near Gujranwala. He was on his way back to Lahore from Islamabad. At the time of death, he was 58 years old. To this day his murder is unsolved.
He is said to have appeared in more than 700 movies, and has accordingly been named in the Guinness Book of Records for the most prolific actor. He has also been featured in profiles of University of California, Irvine, college students.
Sultan Rahi was a legendary action film hero and "the Sultan", who ruled Pakistani films for two decades from 1975–1995. He was the most successful film hero on box office ever though most of his films had similar stories and actions
Nusrat Fateh Ali Khan:According to the Guinness Book of World Records, Nusrat Fateh Ali Khan holds the world's record for the biggest recording output by a Qawaali artist (a total of 125 albums of recorded music).
Ali Moeen Nawazish Sets A-Levels World Record, Guy from Rawalpindi got 22 A grades
Ali Moeen Nawazish - An 18-year old wiz-kid from Rawalpindi wanted to get into Cambridge, so he sat in seven A-Levels exams in just one year - and secured 22 A-grades, one B grade and a C!
The Urdu, English and Punjabi speaking wiz-kid is due to win another place - in the Guinness Book of Records. His Cambridge dream came true four months ago when he embarked on a computer science degree course at Trinity Hall. Ali also achieved a top score in the U.S. admissions test and was accepted by most Ivy League institutions, including Harvard and Yale.
When he filled out his university application forms at home in Rawalpindi there was barely enough space to list his qualifications. Ali finished all the exams within 12 months at Rawalpindi’s Roots College International. His entry was organized through accredited boards Ed-Excel and Cambridge International Examinations.
Apart from core science subjects he is almost entirely self taught. He studied for up to 12 hours a day, using energy drinks to help concentrate. He said: ‘Then one day it all clicked. I needed to prove to myself, and to others, that I could do it.
Types Of Studies
Studying can be depressing, intimidating and boring if you do not know "how to study."New techniques of studying to help students achieve success in their education. :smile:Method Of Contemplation:When you study, it is not enough just to read the matter. Contemplation is essential. That is, deeply focusing on it. Here are some ways to go about it:1. Read an essay or chapter slowly and carefully. 2. Note down the important points and examples in a notebook and number them.
3. Keep the text-book aside. Skim (quickly go through) the notes and see if you can re-iterate the points.
4. Ask yourself - how many points are there? What is the order? Are you able to repeat the points in your own words?
5. Keep the notes aside. Revise the matter completely in your mind and in your own words.
6. This focus on using your words also helps expand your language power, which helps develop your mind further and change your personality.
7. While writing, pay attention to clarity of thoughts. Words should be specific and short; sentences, simple and consistent.
How To Study Any Subject?
We have taken the following method of studying a particular subject :
A) Note down the subject of study on paper. Take English as an example. There are a number of subsections such as prose, poetry, grammar, essay etc. Write down an abstract (the major points) of each subsection every morning. You can make an abstract for every few pages or for an entire lesson.
For sections which are extremely difficult, prepare notes on them and consult someone - friends, teachers, experts etc. who are comfortable with the material. If you continue to find it difficult, keep it aside for a day.
C) The next day, read the portion again. Note down any new points that come to mind. If it's convenient ask someone else to read out the points to you while you are in a relaxed mood. Re-calling the previous' day's portion is a technique of familiarizing yourself to the subject matter and you will find that tension about that subject will gradually decrease.
Recitation is a very old method of learning and proves to be useful. This is because reading out in a rhythmic manner causes changes in the brain. This is why it is easy to learn songs or advertisements because the mind is inclined to remember a rhythm rather than monotonous reading.Success And Failure:
Many times we become very disheartened when our efforts in studying do not pay off.
We slowly move to the path of failure -
1- there is no interest in study
2- concentration while studying is less
3- If concentration is good, power to recall the points is low
4- If recall power is there, memory fails us during examinations
5- Memory may fail us during the exams but on leaving the hall, we remember all the points.
Many of us can identify with the above characteristics. We all have the ability to do well in our studies, but lack of concentration power, will-power and outside influences (studying and TV at the same time, eating and studying simultaneously etc.) are draining our mental energy. We need to have fixed timings for everything. If we overload the mind, we cannot expect it to work to our advantage.
Preparing For Study
A system known as Intelligence Growth Graph has been created to ease the difficulty behind studying. The mantra of this system is mind + technique. Before studying, the atmosphere should be pleasant, quiet, clean, with sufficient light and air. All the books needed for studying should be ready in front of you and you should mentally prepare your mind - for the next 45 minutes, I am going to really focus on my work; I want to study.
This is very important because once the mind is stable, focused, under control, it will grasp all the information you give it.
Before entering the actual study part, we will focus on the external factors, such as diet and its effect on the brain, the ideal time for studying, enhancing the memory, posture while studying etc.
Diet, Study & Brain
Good health leads to better memory power. As we all know, whatever we eat is transformed into blood and energy. Vitamins, minerals and other nutrients directly affects the brain's efficiency. Sprouted grains, fruits like apples and guava are beneficial to students. They help in blood circulation and brain refreshment.
Beverage like tea and coffee should be avoided but if you are used to such drinks, restrict it to one cup during daytime. If more then 6 cups are consumed per day, your sleep may get disturbed.
Ideal Time To Study - The book, 'Clock of Living Nature' states than early hours, 2:00 a.m. to 5:00 a.m. is when the human body is at its weakest. Similarly, close to 2:00 p.m. is not a good time since the physical and mental energy have been used during the morning hours. '
8:00 a.m. - noon and 2:00 - 5:00 p.m. are two good time frames for studying. This is not a biological fact; people can program their mind to study at anytime and also change their body mechanisms. But generally, the morning hours are best suited for studying and learning.
If possible, attention should be given to studying a particular subject at a particular place and time. This helps in developing conditioned reflexes. It has been psychologically proven that we study or recall things depending on where we were at the time and try to picturise the scene again. When we are in the examination hall and are trying to remember points, we often try to recall the page and if there were pictures or tables on it etc. This is why, we highlight certain points or annotate as we study.
Diet, Study & Brain
Good health leads to better memory power. As we all know, whatever we eat is transformed into blood and energy. Vitamins, minerals and other nutrients directly affects the brain's efficiency. Sprouted grains, fruits like apples and guava are beneficial to students. They help in blood circulation and brain refreshment.
Beverage like tea and coffee should be avoided but if you are used to such drinks, restrict it to one cup during daytime. If more then 6 cups are consumed per day, your sleep may get disturbed.
Ideal Time To Study - The book, 'Clock of Living Nature' states than early hours, 2:00 a.m. to 5:00 a.m. is when the human body is at its weakest. Similarly, close to 2:00 p.m. is not a good time since the physical and mental energy have been used during the morning hours. '
8:00 a.m. - noon and 2:00 - 5:00 p.m. are two good time frames for studying. This is not a biological fact; people can program their mind to study at anytime and also change their body mechanisms. But generally, the morning hours are best suited for studying and learning.
If possible, attention should be given to studying a particular subject at a particular place and time. This helps in developing conditioned reflexes. It has been psychologically proven that we study or recall things depending on where we were at the time and try to picturise the scene again. When we are in the examination hall and are trying to remember points, we often try to recall the page and if there were pictures or tables on it etc. This i
Memory And The Brain
Anything not used is bound to perish; this is applicable to the brain and memory. We all have experienced that
- things seen often are remembered better
- reading aloud helps in memorizing a particular section (we often forget a person's name because we do not pronounce the name, at the time of introductions)
The brain has numerous compartments to store information. A person's will, liking for a subject, healthy body and mind, all contribute to the development a good memory. The aim behind studying is also essential. If you are only interested in passing your exams, you are sure to forget the portion once the exams are over.
Yoga and Meditation help increase one's concentration power. Nobel Laureate, Roger Sperry has said that the left part of the brain stores words, numbers, concepts etc. while the right side stores shapes, graphs, sounds, smells and emotions. If you good at recalling diagrams, but not the writing around the diagram, you are not making use of both sides of the brain. Focus should be placed on developing both right and left side.
Posture While Studying:
Most of us do not appreciate our mothers telling us to sit straight, stop lolling around etc., but there is a scientific explanation behind our sitting position. The book, 'Work and the Brain,' talks about how energy is wasted if a wrong position is adopted. If you do not sit properly, the tension on the chest increases and the lungs are not activated properly. Bad posture leads to less oxygen reaching the lungs and obstacles in abdominal and pelvic blood flow.
It is advisable to change your position two-three times while studying. Stretch your legs at regular intervals and practice breathing in through your nostrils (for a few seconds) and pumping air out slowly.
HOWChoose TO CONTEMPLATE THE INTELLIGENCE GROWTH GRAPH?
of your difficult subjects and decide to make it 'easy' within the next few months. At least three months are required to do this. Five aspects need to be focused on during this time frame, which are:
a) Subject of study, time, place
Respect to Elders
c) Desire and Efforts
d) Nobility
e) Prayer
a) Studying the 'hard' or 'difficult' subject (S-Study)
It is important to first tackle the difficult subject since 60% is generally utilized for this. This leaves less strength for concentrating power and also increases our tension level. Allot time for this special study in your schedule. Study that particular subject for a minimum of 1 hour at a fixed time and place. A regular place tends to make the atmosphere favorable for study and regular time, disciplines your mind and activates the brain. Even geographical directions affect the studying. Mathematics should be studied facing East, while languages, in the West direction.
If you are successful in this procedure, put a tick mark in the row for S-Study on the 1st of the month in the graph. If not, place a cross. Continue this for all the 90 days. More the continuity, greater are the chances for success.
Offering Salam and Revolution in Brain (R-Respect)
We suggest that students offer Salam to their teachers and parents. Students who have followed this have experienced that their tensions have reduced and their concentration power increases. Their arrogance subsides and memory power increases.
Dr. Merlin Albert, the brain researcher at Harvard, talks about his experiment. "We have a relationship between physical activity and cognitive maintenance. We suspect that moderately strenuous exercise leads to the development of small blood vessels. The blood carries oxygen which nourishes the brain. But the activity should be new and require thinking.
c) Brain exercise for 15 seconds (D-desire and effort)
Strong determination and efforts are needed for success. Just desire is not enough. If your efforts end in tension and unhappiness, what is required is your grit. There are certain brain exercises that can be done to keep your determination intact. Before and after your regular study time, close your eyes for 15 seconds, sit straight and tell yourself 9 times - 'I will make this subject easy' - and simultaneously massage your head gently. If you complete this exercise, put a check mark in the 'D' column on the graph.
d) Good deeds increase your mental power and thereby increases success in studies (N-noble deeds)
Our success cannot be only attributed to our own efforts. Many people help us in different ways. A variety of known and unknown forces act on us. We should return all that we have gained by assisting needy people of the society. Spend time each time helping others out. Those students who participate in some kind of social activity besides studying, will always move ahead. They develop a complete personality. If you are involved in some kind of noble activity, place a check mark in the 'N' column on the graph.
e) Pray to make the atmosphere pure (P-Prayer)
Sincere and honest wishes are bound to give you good results. To thank all those who have given you strength and inspiration, and to send our pure wishes for them, is prayer. If you conduct prayer, put a check mark in the 'P' column on the graph.
At the end of each month, review your graph and see where you are lagging behind and where you are working well. Paying attention to all of these aspects of life helps clear the mind for studying and also makes sure we are balanced in our student and personal lives
3. Keep the text-book aside. Skim (quickly go through) the notes and see if you can re-iterate the points.
4. Ask yourself - how many points are there? What is the order? Are you able to repeat the points in your own words?
5. Keep the notes aside. Revise the matter completely in your mind and in your own words.
6. This focus on using your words also helps expand your language power, which helps develop your mind further and change your personality.
7. While writing, pay attention to clarity of thoughts. Words should be specific and short; sentences, simple and consistent.
How To Study Any Subject?
We have taken the following method of studying a particular subject :
A) Note down the subject of study on paper. Take English as an example. There are a number of subsections such as prose, poetry, grammar, essay etc. Write down an abstract (the major points) of each subsection every morning. You can make an abstract for every few pages or for an entire lesson.
For sections which are extremely difficult, prepare notes on them and consult someone - friends, teachers, experts etc. who are comfortable with the material. If you continue to find it difficult, keep it aside for a day.
C) The next day, read the portion again. Note down any new points that come to mind. If it's convenient ask someone else to read out the points to you while you are in a relaxed mood. Re-calling the previous' day's portion is a technique of familiarizing yourself to the subject matter and you will find that tension about that subject will gradually decrease.
Recitation is a very old method of learning and proves to be useful. This is because reading out in a rhythmic manner causes changes in the brain. This is why it is easy to learn songs or advertisements because the mind is inclined to remember a rhythm rather than monotonous reading.Success And Failure:
Many times we become very disheartened when our efforts in studying do not pay off.
We slowly move to the path of failure -
1- there is no interest in study
2- concentration while studying is less
3- If concentration is good, power to recall the points is low
4- If recall power is there, memory fails us during examinations
5- Memory may fail us during the exams but on leaving the hall, we remember all the points.
Many of us can identify with the above characteristics. We all have the ability to do well in our studies, but lack of concentration power, will-power and outside influences (studying and TV at the same time, eating and studying simultaneously etc.) are draining our mental energy. We need to have fixed timings for everything. If we overload the mind, we cannot expect it to work to our advantage.
Preparing For Study
A system known as Intelligence Growth Graph has been created to ease the difficulty behind studying. The mantra of this system is mind + technique. Before studying, the atmosphere should be pleasant, quiet, clean, with sufficient light and air. All the books needed for studying should be ready in front of you and you should mentally prepare your mind - for the next 45 minutes, I am going to really focus on my work; I want to study.
This is very important because once the mind is stable, focused, under control, it will grasp all the information you give it.
Before entering the actual study part, we will focus on the external factors, such as diet and its effect on the brain, the ideal time for studying, enhancing the memory, posture while studying etc.
Diet, Study & Brain
Good health leads to better memory power. As we all know, whatever we eat is transformed into blood and energy. Vitamins, minerals and other nutrients directly affects the brain's efficiency. Sprouted grains, fruits like apples and guava are beneficial to students. They help in blood circulation and brain refreshment.
Beverage like tea and coffee should be avoided but if you are used to such drinks, restrict it to one cup during daytime. If more then 6 cups are consumed per day, your sleep may get disturbed.
Ideal Time To Study - The book, 'Clock of Living Nature' states than early hours, 2:00 a.m. to 5:00 a.m. is when the human body is at its weakest. Similarly, close to 2:00 p.m. is not a good time since the physical and mental energy have been used during the morning hours. '
8:00 a.m. - noon and 2:00 - 5:00 p.m. are two good time frames for studying. This is not a biological fact; people can program their mind to study at anytime and also change their body mechanisms. But generally, the morning hours are best suited for studying and learning.
If possible, attention should be given to studying a particular subject at a particular place and time. This helps in developing conditioned reflexes. It has been psychologically proven that we study or recall things depending on where we were at the time and try to picturise the scene again. When we are in the examination hall and are trying to remember points, we often try to recall the page and if there were pictures or tables on it etc. This is why, we highlight certain points or annotate as we study.
Diet, Study & Brain
Good health leads to better memory power. As we all know, whatever we eat is transformed into blood and energy. Vitamins, minerals and other nutrients directly affects the brain's efficiency. Sprouted grains, fruits like apples and guava are beneficial to students. They help in blood circulation and brain refreshment.
Beverage like tea and coffee should be avoided but if you are used to such drinks, restrict it to one cup during daytime. If more then 6 cups are consumed per day, your sleep may get disturbed.
Ideal Time To Study - The book, 'Clock of Living Nature' states than early hours, 2:00 a.m. to 5:00 a.m. is when the human body is at its weakest. Similarly, close to 2:00 p.m. is not a good time since the physical and mental energy have been used during the morning hours. '
8:00 a.m. - noon and 2:00 - 5:00 p.m. are two good time frames for studying. This is not a biological fact; people can program their mind to study at anytime and also change their body mechanisms. But generally, the morning hours are best suited for studying and learning.
If possible, attention should be given to studying a particular subject at a particular place and time. This helps in developing conditioned reflexes. It has been psychologically proven that we study or recall things depending on where we were at the time and try to picturise the scene again. When we are in the examination hall and are trying to remember points, we often try to recall the page and if there were pictures or tables on it etc. This i
Memory And The Brain
Anything not used is bound to perish; this is applicable to the brain and memory. We all have experienced that
- things seen often are remembered better
- reading aloud helps in memorizing a particular section (we often forget a person's name because we do not pronounce the name, at the time of introductions)
The brain has numerous compartments to store information. A person's will, liking for a subject, healthy body and mind, all contribute to the development a good memory. The aim behind studying is also essential. If you are only interested in passing your exams, you are sure to forget the portion once the exams are over.
Yoga and Meditation help increase one's concentration power. Nobel Laureate, Roger Sperry has said that the left part of the brain stores words, numbers, concepts etc. while the right side stores shapes, graphs, sounds, smells and emotions. If you good at recalling diagrams, but not the writing around the diagram, you are not making use of both sides of the brain. Focus should be placed on developing both right and left side.
Posture While Studying:
Most of us do not appreciate our mothers telling us to sit straight, stop lolling around etc., but there is a scientific explanation behind our sitting position. The book, 'Work and the Brain,' talks about how energy is wasted if a wrong position is adopted. If you do not sit properly, the tension on the chest increases and the lungs are not activated properly. Bad posture leads to less oxygen reaching the lungs and obstacles in abdominal and pelvic blood flow.
It is advisable to change your position two-three times while studying. Stretch your legs at regular intervals and practice breathing in through your nostrils (for a few seconds) and pumping air out slowly.
HOWChoose TO CONTEMPLATE THE INTELLIGENCE GROWTH GRAPH?
of your difficult subjects and decide to make it 'easy' within the next few months. At least three months are required to do this. Five aspects need to be focused on during this time frame, which are:
a) Subject of study, time, place
Respect to Elders
c) Desire and Efforts
d) Nobility
e) Prayer
a) Studying the 'hard' or 'difficult' subject (S-Study)
It is important to first tackle the difficult subject since 60% is generally utilized for this. This leaves less strength for concentrating power and also increases our tension level. Allot time for this special study in your schedule. Study that particular subject for a minimum of 1 hour at a fixed time and place. A regular place tends to make the atmosphere favorable for study and regular time, disciplines your mind and activates the brain. Even geographical directions affect the studying. Mathematics should be studied facing East, while languages, in the West direction.
If you are successful in this procedure, put a tick mark in the row for S-Study on the 1st of the month in the graph. If not, place a cross. Continue this for all the 90 days. More the continuity, greater are the chances for success.
Offering Salam and Revolution in Brain (R-Respect)
We suggest that students offer Salam to their teachers and parents. Students who have followed this have experienced that their tensions have reduced and their concentration power increases. Their arrogance subsides and memory power increases.
Dr. Merlin Albert, the brain researcher at Harvard, talks about his experiment. "We have a relationship between physical activity and cognitive maintenance. We suspect that moderately strenuous exercise leads to the development of small blood vessels. The blood carries oxygen which nourishes the brain. But the activity should be new and require thinking.
c) Brain exercise for 15 seconds (D-desire and effort)
Strong determination and efforts are needed for success. Just desire is not enough. If your efforts end in tension and unhappiness, what is required is your grit. There are certain brain exercises that can be done to keep your determination intact. Before and after your regular study time, close your eyes for 15 seconds, sit straight and tell yourself 9 times - 'I will make this subject easy' - and simultaneously massage your head gently. If you complete this exercise, put a check mark in the 'D' column on the graph.
d) Good deeds increase your mental power and thereby increases success in studies (N-noble deeds)
Our success cannot be only attributed to our own efforts. Many people help us in different ways. A variety of known and unknown forces act on us. We should return all that we have gained by assisting needy people of the society. Spend time each time helping others out. Those students who participate in some kind of social activity besides studying, will always move ahead. They develop a complete personality. If you are involved in some kind of noble activity, place a check mark in the 'N' column on the graph.
e) Pray to make the atmosphere pure (P-Prayer)
Sincere and honest wishes are bound to give you good results. To thank all those who have given you strength and inspiration, and to send our pure wishes for them, is prayer. If you conduct prayer, put a check mark in the 'P' column on the graph.
At the end of each month, review your graph and see where you are lagging behind and where you are working well. Paying attention to all of these aspects of life helps clear the mind for studying and also makes sure we are balanced in our student and personal lives
Reason of Failure in business
Doesn’t read nor keep up with the latest happenings in the industry.
Has unprofessional appearance.Lack self esteem.Doest strive (struggle) to do his BEST.
Lack of persistence. [ Thomas Edison ]
Looking for short cut. [ example of shivaji]
Selfishness and greed.
Unwillingness to make plan and prepare
.Not learning from past mistake.Inability to recognize the opportunity.
Fear.
Inability to use talent.
Lack of discipline.
Poor self esteem.
Lack of courage.
Bad attitude.
Not ready for sacrifice.
He has always excuse
Lack of knowledge about system and company product.
Has unprofessional appearance.Lack self esteem.Doest strive (struggle) to do his BEST.
Lack of persistence. [ Thomas Edison ]
Looking for short cut. [ example of shivaji]
Selfishness and greed.
Unwillingness to make plan and prepare
.Not learning from past mistake.Inability to recognize the opportunity.
Fear.
Inability to use talent.
Lack of discipline.
Poor self esteem.
Lack of courage.
Bad attitude.
Not ready for sacrifice.
He has always excuse
Lack of knowledge about system and company product.
Sunday, March 22, 2009
Management ethics
Management
Planning
Organizing
Staffing
Direction
Co-ordination
Reporting
Budgeting
Principle of management:
· Division of labor
· Authority and Responsibility
· Discipline
· Unity of command
· Unity of direction
· Order
· Equality
Types of Management :
1) Marketing Management
William Stenton, “Marketing Management includes all the activities connected with the planning, pricing, promotion and distribution of products and services to satisfy current and prospective customer”
*Financial Management
Mr. Hogland, “Financial management is concerned with how the business unit arises the funds and how it applies the funds.”
*Production Management
Afred & Betty, “Before starting work, the planning of which work, when in what quantum, how and where is to be done and maintaining control over, it is production management”
*Human Resource Management
It conclude recruitment , selection, promotion, training, transfer, demotion, wages, incentives, motivation, welfare activities, values, corporate ethics, corporate culture, standards, discipline, behavior, personal career planning, improvement of quality of work life of human growth in functional areas.
Management funda :
If you don’t like any rule than follow it go to the top and change the rule.
Managerial skills :
a) TECHNICAL SKILL
b) DECISION MAKING SKILLS
c) ORGANISATIONAL SKILLS
d) COMMUNICATING SKILLS
e) MOTIVATING SKILLS
f) LEADERSHIP SKILLS
MANAGERIAL OBJECTIVES:
1) NATURE OF BUSINESS
2) CONTINOUS SUPPLY OF CAPITAL
3) GROTH OF FIRM
4) INCRESING PRODUCTION & PRODUCTIVITY
5) ECONOMIC OBJECTIVES (PROFIT)
6) SOCIAL OBJECTIVES(WAGES & SALARIES TO WORKERS)
7) HUMAN OBJECTIVES(MOTIVATE)
Planning
Organizing
Staffing
Direction
Co-ordination
Reporting
Budgeting
Principle of management:
· Division of labor
· Authority and Responsibility
· Discipline
· Unity of command
· Unity of direction
· Order
· Equality
Types of Management :
1) Marketing Management
William Stenton, “Marketing Management includes all the activities connected with the planning, pricing, promotion and distribution of products and services to satisfy current and prospective customer”
*Financial Management
Mr. Hogland, “Financial management is concerned with how the business unit arises the funds and how it applies the funds.”
*Production Management
Afred & Betty, “Before starting work, the planning of which work, when in what quantum, how and where is to be done and maintaining control over, it is production management”
*Human Resource Management
It conclude recruitment , selection, promotion, training, transfer, demotion, wages, incentives, motivation, welfare activities, values, corporate ethics, corporate culture, standards, discipline, behavior, personal career planning, improvement of quality of work life of human growth in functional areas.
Management funda :
If you don’t like any rule than follow it go to the top and change the rule.
Managerial skills :
a) TECHNICAL SKILL
b) DECISION MAKING SKILLS
c) ORGANISATIONAL SKILLS
d) COMMUNICATING SKILLS
e) MOTIVATING SKILLS
f) LEADERSHIP SKILLS
MANAGERIAL OBJECTIVES:
1) NATURE OF BUSINESS
2) CONTINOUS SUPPLY OF CAPITAL
3) GROTH OF FIRM
4) INCRESING PRODUCTION & PRODUCTIVITY
5) ECONOMIC OBJECTIVES (PROFIT)
6) SOCIAL OBJECTIVES(WAGES & SALARIES TO WORKERS)
7) HUMAN OBJECTIVES(MOTIVATE)
Story of Bill Gates
Bill Gates Biography (William Henry Gates III): Microsoft Founder
Famous for : Being the richest man in the world, a cofounder of the software company Microsoft, and for being one of the world's most generous philanthropists.
Gates details : Born - USA October 28, 1955 Lives - United States of America
More Gates : Buffett Gives to Gates Foundation - Person of the Year 2005 - Melinda Gates - Richest Man in the World
Bill Gates is one of the most influential people in the world. He is cofounder of one of the most recognized brands in the computer industry with nearly every desk top computer using at least one software program from Microsoft. According to the Forbes magazine, Bill Gates is the richest man in the world and has held the number one position for many years.Gates was born and grew up in Seattle, Washington USA. His father, William H. Gates II was a Seattle attorney and his mother, Mary Maxwell Gates was a school teacher and chairperson of the United Way charity. Gates and his two sisters had a comfortable upbringing, with Gates being able to attend the exclusive secondary "Lakeside School".Bill Gates started studying at Harvard University in 1973 where he met up with Paul Allen. Gates and Allen worked on a version of the programming language BASIC, that was the basis for the MITS Altair (the first microcomputer available). He did not go on to graduate from Harvard University as he left in his junior year to start what was to become the largest computer software company in the world; Microsoft Corporation.Bill Gates and the Microsoft Corporation"To enable people and businesses throughout the world to realize their full potential." Microsoft Mission StatementAfter dropping out of Harvard Bill Gates and his partner Paul Allen set about revolutionizing the computer industry. Gates believed there should be a computer on every office desk and in every home.In 1975 the company Micro-soft was formed, which was an abbreviation of microcomputer software. It soon became simply "Microsoft"® and went on to completely change the way people use computers.Microsoft helped to make the computer easier to use with its developed and purchased software, and made it a commercial success. The success of Microsoft began with the MS-DOS computer operating system that Gates licensed to IBM. Gates also set about protecting the royalties that he could acquire from computer software by aggressively fighting against all forms of software piracy, effectively creating the retail software market that now exists today. This move was quite controversial at the time as it was the freedom of sharing that produced much innovation and advances in the newly forming software industry. But it was this stand against software piracy, that was to be central in the great commercial success that Microsoft went on to achieve.Bill Gates retired as Microsoft CEO in 2008.Bill Gates CriticismWith his great success in the computer software industry also came many criticisms. With his ambitious and aggressive business philosophy, Gates or his Microsoft lawyers have been in and out of courtrooms fighting legal battles almost since Microsoft began.The Microsoft monopoly sets about completely dominating every market it enters through either acquisition, aggressive business tactics or a combination of them. Many of the largest technology companies have fought legally against the actions of Microsoft, including Apple Computer, Netscape, Opera, WordPerfect, and sun Microsystems.Bill Gates Net WorthWith an estimated wealth of $53 billion in 2006, Bill Gates is the richest man in the world and he should be starting to get used to the number spot as he has been there from the mid-ninties up until now. The famous investor Warren Buffett is gaining on Gates though with an estimated $46 billion in 2006.Microsoft hasn't just made Bill Gates very wealthy though. According to the Forbes business magazine in 2004 Paul Allen, Microsoft cofounder was the 5th richest man in the world with an estimated $21 billion. While Bill Gates' long time friend and Microsoft CEO, Steve Ballmer was the 19th richest man in the world at $12.4 billion.See more information the Bill Gates Net Worth page.Bill Gates PhilanthropyBeing the richest man in the world has also enabled Gates to create one of the world's largest charitable foundations. The Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation has an endowment of more than $28 billion, with donations totaling more than $1 billion every year. The foundation was formed in 2000 after merging the "Gates Learning Foundation" and "William H. Gates Foundation". Their aim is to "bring innovations in health and learning to the global community".Bill Gates continues to play a very active role in the workings of the Microsoft Company, but has handed the position of CEO over to Steve Ballmer. Gates now holds the positions of "Chairman" and "Chief Software Architect". He has started that he plans to take on fewer responsibilities at Microsoft and will eventually devote all his time to the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.In 2006, the second richest man in the world, Warren Buffett pledged to give much of his vast fortune to the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation.Bill Gates Receives a KBEIn March 2005 William H. Gates received an "honorary" knighthood from the queen of England. Gates was bestowed with the KBE Order (Knight Commander of the Most Excellent Order of the British Empire) for his services in reducing poverty and improving health in the developing countries of the world.After the privately held ceremony in Buckingham Palace with Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II, Gates commented on the recognition.."I am humbled and delighted. I am particularly pleased that this honor helps recognize the real heroes our foundation (Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation) supports to improve health in poor countries. Their incredible work is helping ensure that one day all people, no matter where they are born, will have the same opportunity for a healthy life, and I'm grateful to share this honor with them."The KBE Order of the British Empire is the second highest Order given out, but it is only an honorary knighthood as only citizens that are British or a part of the Commonwealth receive the full Order. This means that Gates does not become Sir Bill Gates.Bill Gates lives near Lake Washington with his wife Melinda French Gates and their three children. Interests of Gates include reading, golf and playing bridge.
True Facts
Snakes are true carnivores as they eat nothing but other animals. They do not eat any type of plant material.
There are no venomous snakes in Maine.The blue whale can produce sounds up to 188 decibels. This is the loudest sound produced by a living animal and has been detected as far away as 530 miles.Erosion at the base of Niagara Falls (USA) undermines the shale cliffs and as a result, the falls have receded approximately 7 miles over the last 10,000 years.The Main Library at Indiana University sinks over an inch every year because when it was built engineers failed to take into account the weight of all the books that would occupy the building.North Dakota has never had an earthquake.Alexander Graham Bell (who invented the telephone) also set a world water-speed record of over seventy miles an hour at the age of 72.There is enough fuel in a full tank of a jumbo jet to drive an average car four times around the world.Hawaii is moving toward Japan 4 inches every year.Chimps are the only animals that can recognize themselves in a mirror.The leg bones of a bat are so thin that no bat can walk.If you keep a goldfish in the dark room, it will eventually turn white.In England, the Speaker of the House is not allowed to speak.Almonds are members of the peach family.
Networking
· Introduction To Networking
* Data communication is the transfer of data from one device to another via some form of transmission medium.
· A data communications system must transmit data to the correct destination in an accurate and timely manner.
· The five components that make up a data communications system are the message, sender, receiver, medium, and protocol.
· Text, numbers, images, audio, and video are different forms of information.
· Data flow between two devices can occur in one of three ways: simplex, half-duplex, or full-duplex.
· A network is a set of communication devices connected by media links.
· In a point-to-point connection, two and only two devices are connected by a dedicated link. In a multipoint connection, three or more devices share a link.
· Topology refers to the physical or logical arrangement of a network. Devices may be arranged in a mesh, star, bus, or ring topology.
· A network can be categorized as a local area network (LAN), a metropolitan-area network (MAN), or a wide area network (WAN).
· A LAN is a data communication system within a building, plant, or campus, or between nearby buildings.
· A MAN is a data communication system covering an area the size of a town or city.
· A WAN is a data communication system spanning states, countries, or the whole world.
· An internet is a network of networks.
· The Internet is a collection of many separate networks.
· TCP/IP is the protocol suite for the Internet.
· There are local, regional, national, and international Internet service providers (ISPs).
· A protocol is a set of rules that governs data communication; the key elements of a protocol are syntax, semantics, and timing.
· Standards are necessary to ensure that products from different manufacturers can work together as expected.
· The ISO, ITU-T, ANSI, IEEE, and EIA are some of the organizations involved in standards creation.
· Forums are special-interest groups that quickly evaluate and standardize new technologies.
· A Request for Comment (RFC) is an idea or concept that is a precursor to an Internet standard.
· Network Models
· * The five-layer model provides guidelines for the development of universally compatible networking protocols.
· The physical, data link, and network layers are the network support layers.
· The application layer is the user support layer.
· The transport layer links the network support layers and the user support layer.
· The physical layer coordinates the functions required to transmit a bit stream over a physical medium.
· The data link layer is responsible for delivering data units from one station to the next without errors.
· The network layer is responsible for the source-to-destination delivery of a packet across multiple network links.
· The transport layer is responsible for the process-to-process delivery of the entire message.
· The application layer enables the users to access the network.
Data and Signals Data must be transformed into electromagnetic signals prior to transmission across a network.
· Data and signals can be either analog or digital.
· A signal is periodic if it consists of a continuously repeating pattern.
· Each sine wave can be characterized by its amplitude, frequency, and phase.
· Frequency and period are inverses of each other.
· A time-domain graph plots amplitude as a function of time.
· A frequency-domain graph plots each sine wave’s peak amplitude against its frequency.
· By using Fourier analysis, any composite signal can be represented as a combination of simple sine waves.
· The spectrum of a signal consists of the sine waves that make up the signal.
· The bandwidth of a signal is the range of frequencies the signal occupies. Bandwidth is determined by finding the difference between the highest and lowest frequency components.
· Bit rate (number of bits per second) and bit interval (duration of 1 bit) are terms used to describe digital signals.
· A digital signal is a composite signal with an infinite bandwidth.
· Bit rate and bandwidth are proportional to each other.
· The Nyquist formula determines the theoretical data rate for a noiseless channel.
· The Shannon capacity determines the theoretical maximum data rate for a noisy channel.
· Attenuation, distortion, and noise can impair a signal.
· Attenuation is the loss of a signal’s energy due to the resistance of the medium.
· The decibel measures the relative strength of two signals or a signal at two different points.
· Distortion is the alteration of a signal due to the differing propagation speeds of each of the frequencies that make up a signal.
· Noise is the external energy that corrupts a signal.
· We can evaluate transmission media by throughput, propagation speed, and propagation time.
· The wavelength of a frequency is defined as the propagation speed divided by the frequency.
·
· Digital Transmission* Line coding is the process of converting binary data to a digital signal.
· The number of different values allowed in a signal is the signal level. The number of symbols that represent data is the data level.
· Bit rate is a function of the pulse rate and data level.
· Line coding methods must eliminate the dc component and provide a means of synchronization between the sender and the receiver.
· Line coding methods can be classified as unipolar, polar, or bipolar.
· NRZ, RZ, Manchester, and differential Manchester encoding are the most popular polar encoding methods.
· AMI is a popular bipolar encoding method.
· Block coding can improve the performance of line coding through redundancy and error correction.
· Block coding involves grouping the bits, substitution, and line coding.
· 4B/5B, 8B/10B, and 8B/6T are common block coding methods.
· Analog-to-digital conversion relies on PCM (pulse code modulation).
· PCM involves sampling, quantizing, and line coding.
· The Nyquist theorem says that the sampling rate must be at least twice the highest-frequency component in the original signal.
· Digital transmission can be either parallel or serial in mode.
· In parallel transmission, a group of bits is sent simultaneously, with each bit on a separate line.
· In serial transmission, there is only one line and the bits are sent sequentially.
· Serial transmission can be either synchronous or asynchronous.
· In asynchronous serial transmission, each byte (group of 8 bits) is framed with a start bit and a stop bit. There may be a variable-length gap between each byte.
· In synchronous serial transmission, bits are sent in a continuous stream without start and stop bits and without gaps between bytes. Regrouping the bits into meaningful bytes is the responsibility of the receiver.
Analog Transmission
· * Digital-to-analog modulation can be accomplished using the following: *Amplitude shift keying (ASK)—the amplitude of the carrier signal varies. *Frequency shift keying (FSK)—the frequency of the carrier signal varies. *Phase shift keying (PSK)—the phase of the carrier signal varies. *Quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM)—both the phase and amplitude of the carrier signal vary.
· QAM enables a higher data transmission rate than other digital-to-analog methods.
· Baud rate and bit rate are not synonymous. Bit rate is the number of bits transmit-ted per second. Baud rate is the number of signal units transmitted per second. One signal unit can represent one or more bits.
· The minimum required bandwidth for ASK and PSK is the baud rate.
· The minimum required bandwidth (BW) for FSK modulation is BW =f c1 .f c0 + N baud , where f c1 is the frequency representing a 1 bit, f c0 is the frequency representing a 0 bit, and N baud is the baud rate.
· A regular telephone line uses frequencies between 600 and 3000 Hz for data communication.
· ASK modulation is especially susceptible to noise.
· Because it uses two carrier frequencies, FSK modulation requires more bandwidth than ASK and PSK.
· * PSK and QAM modulation have two advantages over ASK: *They are not as susceptible to noise. *Each signal change can represent more than one bit.
· Trellis coding is a technique that uses redundancy to provide a lower error rate.
· The 56K modems are asymmetric; they download at a rate of 56 Kbps and upload at 33.6 Kbps.
· * Analog-to-analog modulation can be implemented by using the following: * Amplitude modulation (AM) * Frequency modulation (FM) * Phase modulation (PM)
· In AM radio, the bandwidth of the modulated signal must be twice the bandwith of the modulating signal.
· In FM radio, the bandwith of the modulated signal must be 10 times the bandwidth of the modulating signal.
Wired LANs: Ethernet Medium access methods can be categorized as random, controlled, or canalized.
· In the carrier sense multiple-access (CSMA) method, a station must listen to the medium prior to sending data onto the line.
· A persistence strategy defines the procedure to follow when a station senses an occupied medium.
· Carrier sense multiple access with collision detection (CSMA/CD) is CSMA with a postcollision procedure.
· Carrier sense multiple access with collision avoidance (CSMA/CA) is CSMA with procedures that avoid a collision.
· Reservation, polling, and token passing are controlled-access methods.
· In the reservation access method, a station reserves a slot for data by setting its flag in a reservation frame.
· In the polling access method, a primary station controls transmissions to and from secondary stations.
· In the token-passing access method, a station that has control of a frame called a token can send data.
· Channelization is a multiple-access method in which the available bandwidth of a link is shared in time, frequency, or through code, between stations on a network.
· FDMA, TDMA, and CDMA are channelization methods.
· In FDMA, the bandwith is divided into bands; each band is reserved fro the use of a specific station.
· In TDMA, the bandwidth is not divided into bands; instead the bandwidth is timeshared.
· In CDMA, the bandwidth is not divided into bands, yet data from all inputs are transmitted simultaneously.
· CDMA is based on coding theory and uses sequences of numbers called chips. The sequences are generated using Walsh tables.
Wireless LANs
Ethernet is the most widely used local area network protocol.
· The IEEE 802.3 standard defines 1-persistent CSMA/CD as the access method for first-generation 10-Mbps Ethernet.
· The data link layer of Ethernet consists of the LLC sublayer and the MAC sublayer.
· The MAC sublayer is responsible for the operation of the CSMA/CD access method.
· Each station on an Ethernet network has a unique 48-bit address imprinted on its network interface card (NIC).
· The minimum frame length for 10-Mbps Ethernet is 64 bytes; the maximum is 1518 bytes.
· The physical layer of 10-Mbps Ethernet can be composed of four sublayers: the physical layer signaling (PLS) sublayer, the attachment unit interface (AUI) sublayer, the medium attachment unit (MAU) sublayer, and the medium-dependent interface (MDI) sublayer.
· The common baseband implementations of 10-Mbps Ethernet are 10Base5 (thick Ethernet), 10Base2 (thin Ethernet), 10Base-T (twisted-pair Ethernet), and 10Base-FL (fiber link Ethernet).
· The 10Base5 implementation of Ethernet uses thick coaxial cable. The 10Base2 implementation of Ethernet uses thin coaxial cable. The 10Base-T implementation of Ethernet uses twisted-pair cable that connects each station to a port in a hub. The 10Base-FL implementation of Ethernet uses fiber-optic cable.
· A bridge can raise the bandwidth and separate the collision domains on an Ethernet LAN.
· A switch allows each station on an Ethernet LAN to have the entire capacity of the network to itself.
· Full-duplex mode doubles the capacity of each domain and deletes the need for the CSMA/CD method.
· Fast Ethernet has a data rate of 100 Mbps.
· In Fast Ethernet, autonegotiation allows two devices to negotiate the mode or data rate of operation.
· The Fast Ethernet reconciliation sublayer is responsible for the passing of data in 4-bit format to the MII.
· The Fast Ethernet MII is an interface that can be used with both a 10- and a 100-Mbps interface.
· The Fast Ethernet PHY sublayer is responsible for encoding and decoding.
· The common Fast Ethernet implementations are 100Base-TX (two pairs of twisted-pair cable), 100Base-FX (two fiber-optic cables), and 100Base-T4 (four pairs of voice-grade, or higher, twisted-pair cable).
· Gigabit Ethernet has a data rate of 1000 Mbps.
· Gigabit Ethernet access methods include half-duplex using traditional CSMA/CD (not common) and full-duplex (most popular method).
· The Gigabit Ethernet reconciliation sublayer is responsible for sending 8-bit parallel data to the PHY sublayer via a GMII interface.
· The Gigabit Ethernet GMII defines how the reconciliation sublayer is to be connected to the PHY sublayer.
· The Gigabit Ethernet PHY sublayer is responsible for encoding and decoding.
· The common Gigabit Ethernet implementations are 1000Base-SX (two optical fibers and a shortwave laser source), 100Base-LX (two optical fibers and a long-wave laser source), and 100Base-T (four twisted pairs).
Network Layer: Internet Protocol
· The Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) is a dynamic mapping method that finds a physical address, given an IP address.
· An ARP request is broadcast to all devices on the network.
· An ARP reply is unicast to the host requesting the mapping.
· IP is an unreliable connectionless protocol responsible for source-to-destination delivery.
· Packets in the IP layer are called datagrams.
· A datagram consists of a header (20 to 60 bytes) and data.
· The MTU is the maximum number of bytes that a data link protocol can excapsulate. MTUs vary from protocol to protocol.
· Fragmentation is the division of a datagram into smaller units to accommodate the MTU of a data link protocol.
· The fields in the IP header that relate to fragmentation are the identification number, the fragmentation flags, and the fragmentation offset.
· The Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP) sends five types of error-reporting messages and four pairs of query messages to support the unreliable and connectionless Internet Protocol (IP).
· ICMP messages are encapsulated in IP datagrams.
· The destination-unreachable error message is sent to the source host when a datagram is undeliverable.
· The source-quench error message is sent in an effort to alleviate congestion.
· The time-exceeded message notifies a source host that (1) the time-to-live field has reached zero or (2) fragments of a message have not arrived in a set amount of time.
· The parameter-problem message notifies a host that there is a problem in the header field of a datagram.
· The redirection message is sent to make the routing table of a host more effective.
· The echo-request and echo-reply messages test the connectivity between two systems.
· The time-stamp-request and time-stamp-reply messages can determine the roundtrip time between two systems or the difference in time between two systems.
· The address-mask request and address-mask reply messages are used to obtain the subnet mask.
· The router-solicitation and router-advertisement messages allow hosts to update their routing tables.
· IPv6, the latest verstion of the Internet Protocol, has a 128-bit address space, a resource allocation, and increased security measures.
· IPv6 uses hexadecimal colon notation with abbreviation methods available.
· Three strategies used to make the transition from version 4 to version 6 are dual stack, tunneling, and header translation.
· A data communications system must transmit data to the correct destination in an accurate and timely manner.
· The five components that make up a data communications system are the message, sender, receiver, medium, and protocol.
· Text, numbers, images, audio, and video are different forms of information.
· Data flow between two devices can occur in one of three ways: simplex, half-duplex, or full-duplex.
· A network is a set of communication devices connected by media links.
· In a point-to-point connection, two and only two devices are connected by a dedicated link. In a multipoint connection, three or more devices share a link.
· Topology refers to the physical or logical arrangement of a network. Devices may be arranged in a mesh, star, bus, or ring topology.
· A network can be categorized as a local area network (LAN), a metropolitan-area network (MAN), or a wide area network (WAN).
· A LAN is a data communication system within a building, plant, or campus, or between nearby buildings.
· A MAN is a data communication system covering an area the size of a town or city.
· A WAN is a data communication system spanning states, countries, or the whole world.
· An internet is a network of networks.
· The Internet is a collection of many separate networks.
· TCP/IP is the protocol suite for the Internet.
· There are local, regional, national, and international Internet service providers (ISPs).
· A protocol is a set of rules that governs data communication; the key elements of a protocol are syntax, semantics, and timing.
· Standards are necessary to ensure that products from different manufacturers can work together as expected.
· The ISO, ITU-T, ANSI, IEEE, and EIA are some of the organizations involved in standards creation.
· Forums are special-interest groups that quickly evaluate and standardize new technologies.
· A Request for Comment (RFC) is an idea or concept that is a precursor to an Internet standard.
· Network Models
· * The five-layer model provides guidelines for the development of universally compatible networking protocols.
· The physical, data link, and network layers are the network support layers.
· The application layer is the user support layer.
· The transport layer links the network support layers and the user support layer.
· The physical layer coordinates the functions required to transmit a bit stream over a physical medium.
· The data link layer is responsible for delivering data units from one station to the next without errors.
· The network layer is responsible for the source-to-destination delivery of a packet across multiple network links.
· The transport layer is responsible for the process-to-process delivery of the entire message.
· The application layer enables the users to access the network.
Data and Signals Data must be transformed into electromagnetic signals prior to transmission across a network.
· Data and signals can be either analog or digital.
· A signal is periodic if it consists of a continuously repeating pattern.
· Each sine wave can be characterized by its amplitude, frequency, and phase.
· Frequency and period are inverses of each other.
· A time-domain graph plots amplitude as a function of time.
· A frequency-domain graph plots each sine wave’s peak amplitude against its frequency.
· By using Fourier analysis, any composite signal can be represented as a combination of simple sine waves.
· The spectrum of a signal consists of the sine waves that make up the signal.
· The bandwidth of a signal is the range of frequencies the signal occupies. Bandwidth is determined by finding the difference between the highest and lowest frequency components.
· Bit rate (number of bits per second) and bit interval (duration of 1 bit) are terms used to describe digital signals.
· A digital signal is a composite signal with an infinite bandwidth.
· Bit rate and bandwidth are proportional to each other.
· The Nyquist formula determines the theoretical data rate for a noiseless channel.
· The Shannon capacity determines the theoretical maximum data rate for a noisy channel.
· Attenuation, distortion, and noise can impair a signal.
· Attenuation is the loss of a signal’s energy due to the resistance of the medium.
· The decibel measures the relative strength of two signals or a signal at two different points.
· Distortion is the alteration of a signal due to the differing propagation speeds of each of the frequencies that make up a signal.
· Noise is the external energy that corrupts a signal.
· We can evaluate transmission media by throughput, propagation speed, and propagation time.
· The wavelength of a frequency is defined as the propagation speed divided by the frequency.
·
· Digital Transmission* Line coding is the process of converting binary data to a digital signal.
· The number of different values allowed in a signal is the signal level. The number of symbols that represent data is the data level.
· Bit rate is a function of the pulse rate and data level.
· Line coding methods must eliminate the dc component and provide a means of synchronization between the sender and the receiver.
· Line coding methods can be classified as unipolar, polar, or bipolar.
· NRZ, RZ, Manchester, and differential Manchester encoding are the most popular polar encoding methods.
· AMI is a popular bipolar encoding method.
· Block coding can improve the performance of line coding through redundancy and error correction.
· Block coding involves grouping the bits, substitution, and line coding.
· 4B/5B, 8B/10B, and 8B/6T are common block coding methods.
· Analog-to-digital conversion relies on PCM (pulse code modulation).
· PCM involves sampling, quantizing, and line coding.
· The Nyquist theorem says that the sampling rate must be at least twice the highest-frequency component in the original signal.
· Digital transmission can be either parallel or serial in mode.
· In parallel transmission, a group of bits is sent simultaneously, with each bit on a separate line.
· In serial transmission, there is only one line and the bits are sent sequentially.
· Serial transmission can be either synchronous or asynchronous.
· In asynchronous serial transmission, each byte (group of 8 bits) is framed with a start bit and a stop bit. There may be a variable-length gap between each byte.
· In synchronous serial transmission, bits are sent in a continuous stream without start and stop bits and without gaps between bytes. Regrouping the bits into meaningful bytes is the responsibility of the receiver.
Analog Transmission
· * Digital-to-analog modulation can be accomplished using the following: *Amplitude shift keying (ASK)—the amplitude of the carrier signal varies. *Frequency shift keying (FSK)—the frequency of the carrier signal varies. *Phase shift keying (PSK)—the phase of the carrier signal varies. *Quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM)—both the phase and amplitude of the carrier signal vary.
· QAM enables a higher data transmission rate than other digital-to-analog methods.
· Baud rate and bit rate are not synonymous. Bit rate is the number of bits transmit-ted per second. Baud rate is the number of signal units transmitted per second. One signal unit can represent one or more bits.
· The minimum required bandwidth for ASK and PSK is the baud rate.
· The minimum required bandwidth (BW) for FSK modulation is BW =f c1 .f c0 + N baud , where f c1 is the frequency representing a 1 bit, f c0 is the frequency representing a 0 bit, and N baud is the baud rate.
· A regular telephone line uses frequencies between 600 and 3000 Hz for data communication.
· ASK modulation is especially susceptible to noise.
· Because it uses two carrier frequencies, FSK modulation requires more bandwidth than ASK and PSK.
· * PSK and QAM modulation have two advantages over ASK: *They are not as susceptible to noise. *Each signal change can represent more than one bit.
· Trellis coding is a technique that uses redundancy to provide a lower error rate.
· The 56K modems are asymmetric; they download at a rate of 56 Kbps and upload at 33.6 Kbps.
· * Analog-to-analog modulation can be implemented by using the following: * Amplitude modulation (AM) * Frequency modulation (FM) * Phase modulation (PM)
· In AM radio, the bandwidth of the modulated signal must be twice the bandwith of the modulating signal.
· In FM radio, the bandwith of the modulated signal must be 10 times the bandwidth of the modulating signal.
Wired LANs: Ethernet Medium access methods can be categorized as random, controlled, or canalized.
· In the carrier sense multiple-access (CSMA) method, a station must listen to the medium prior to sending data onto the line.
· A persistence strategy defines the procedure to follow when a station senses an occupied medium.
· Carrier sense multiple access with collision detection (CSMA/CD) is CSMA with a postcollision procedure.
· Carrier sense multiple access with collision avoidance (CSMA/CA) is CSMA with procedures that avoid a collision.
· Reservation, polling, and token passing are controlled-access methods.
· In the reservation access method, a station reserves a slot for data by setting its flag in a reservation frame.
· In the polling access method, a primary station controls transmissions to and from secondary stations.
· In the token-passing access method, a station that has control of a frame called a token can send data.
· Channelization is a multiple-access method in which the available bandwidth of a link is shared in time, frequency, or through code, between stations on a network.
· FDMA, TDMA, and CDMA are channelization methods.
· In FDMA, the bandwith is divided into bands; each band is reserved fro the use of a specific station.
· In TDMA, the bandwidth is not divided into bands; instead the bandwidth is timeshared.
· In CDMA, the bandwidth is not divided into bands, yet data from all inputs are transmitted simultaneously.
· CDMA is based on coding theory and uses sequences of numbers called chips. The sequences are generated using Walsh tables.
Wireless LANs
Ethernet is the most widely used local area network protocol.
· The IEEE 802.3 standard defines 1-persistent CSMA/CD as the access method for first-generation 10-Mbps Ethernet.
· The data link layer of Ethernet consists of the LLC sublayer and the MAC sublayer.
· The MAC sublayer is responsible for the operation of the CSMA/CD access method.
· Each station on an Ethernet network has a unique 48-bit address imprinted on its network interface card (NIC).
· The minimum frame length for 10-Mbps Ethernet is 64 bytes; the maximum is 1518 bytes.
· The physical layer of 10-Mbps Ethernet can be composed of four sublayers: the physical layer signaling (PLS) sublayer, the attachment unit interface (AUI) sublayer, the medium attachment unit (MAU) sublayer, and the medium-dependent interface (MDI) sublayer.
· The common baseband implementations of 10-Mbps Ethernet are 10Base5 (thick Ethernet), 10Base2 (thin Ethernet), 10Base-T (twisted-pair Ethernet), and 10Base-FL (fiber link Ethernet).
· The 10Base5 implementation of Ethernet uses thick coaxial cable. The 10Base2 implementation of Ethernet uses thin coaxial cable. The 10Base-T implementation of Ethernet uses twisted-pair cable that connects each station to a port in a hub. The 10Base-FL implementation of Ethernet uses fiber-optic cable.
· A bridge can raise the bandwidth and separate the collision domains on an Ethernet LAN.
· A switch allows each station on an Ethernet LAN to have the entire capacity of the network to itself.
· Full-duplex mode doubles the capacity of each domain and deletes the need for the CSMA/CD method.
· Fast Ethernet has a data rate of 100 Mbps.
· In Fast Ethernet, autonegotiation allows two devices to negotiate the mode or data rate of operation.
· The Fast Ethernet reconciliation sublayer is responsible for the passing of data in 4-bit format to the MII.
· The Fast Ethernet MII is an interface that can be used with both a 10- and a 100-Mbps interface.
· The Fast Ethernet PHY sublayer is responsible for encoding and decoding.
· The common Fast Ethernet implementations are 100Base-TX (two pairs of twisted-pair cable), 100Base-FX (two fiber-optic cables), and 100Base-T4 (four pairs of voice-grade, or higher, twisted-pair cable).
· Gigabit Ethernet has a data rate of 1000 Mbps.
· Gigabit Ethernet access methods include half-duplex using traditional CSMA/CD (not common) and full-duplex (most popular method).
· The Gigabit Ethernet reconciliation sublayer is responsible for sending 8-bit parallel data to the PHY sublayer via a GMII interface.
· The Gigabit Ethernet GMII defines how the reconciliation sublayer is to be connected to the PHY sublayer.
· The Gigabit Ethernet PHY sublayer is responsible for encoding and decoding.
· The common Gigabit Ethernet implementations are 1000Base-SX (two optical fibers and a shortwave laser source), 100Base-LX (two optical fibers and a long-wave laser source), and 100Base-T (four twisted pairs).
Network Layer: Internet Protocol
· The Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) is a dynamic mapping method that finds a physical address, given an IP address.
· An ARP request is broadcast to all devices on the network.
· An ARP reply is unicast to the host requesting the mapping.
· IP is an unreliable connectionless protocol responsible for source-to-destination delivery.
· Packets in the IP layer are called datagrams.
· A datagram consists of a header (20 to 60 bytes) and data.
· The MTU is the maximum number of bytes that a data link protocol can excapsulate. MTUs vary from protocol to protocol.
· Fragmentation is the division of a datagram into smaller units to accommodate the MTU of a data link protocol.
· The fields in the IP header that relate to fragmentation are the identification number, the fragmentation flags, and the fragmentation offset.
· The Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP) sends five types of error-reporting messages and four pairs of query messages to support the unreliable and connectionless Internet Protocol (IP).
· ICMP messages are encapsulated in IP datagrams.
· The destination-unreachable error message is sent to the source host when a datagram is undeliverable.
· The source-quench error message is sent in an effort to alleviate congestion.
· The time-exceeded message notifies a source host that (1) the time-to-live field has reached zero or (2) fragments of a message have not arrived in a set amount of time.
· The parameter-problem message notifies a host that there is a problem in the header field of a datagram.
· The redirection message is sent to make the routing table of a host more effective.
· The echo-request and echo-reply messages test the connectivity between two systems.
· The time-stamp-request and time-stamp-reply messages can determine the roundtrip time between two systems or the difference in time between two systems.
· The address-mask request and address-mask reply messages are used to obtain the subnet mask.
· The router-solicitation and router-advertisement messages allow hosts to update their routing tables.
· IPv6, the latest verstion of the Internet Protocol, has a 128-bit address space, a resource allocation, and increased security measures.
· IPv6 uses hexadecimal colon notation with abbreviation methods available.
· Three strategies used to make the transition from version 4 to version 6 are dual stack, tunneling, and header translation.
Reason of Failure
No written goals. Doesn’t know what he wants out of life.
No directions, visions or dreams, confused and lost.
No serious commitment to the business. Hence no serious action taken.
Too impatient. Wants to make big money too soon without being willing to put out the necessary effort
Complains too much and acts like an immature cry baby. A non producer.
Easily influenced by negative comments from family members, relatives and friends. Doesn’t listen to positive side, can not think for himself.
Always give to many excuses.
Thinks he knows everything.
Only interested in personal profit.
Unwilling to take risk. He waits and watches things happen instead of making thing happens.
Depends on spill overs by other people’s efforts, wants some thing for nothing.
Doesn’t read nor keep up with the latest happenings in the industry.
Has unprofessional appearance.
Lack self esteem.
Doest strive (struggle) to do his BEST.
Lack of persistence. [ Thomas Edison ]
Looking for short cut. [ example of shivaji]
Selfishness and greed.
Unwillingness to make plan and prepare.
Not learning from past mistake.
Inability to recognize the opportunity.
Fear.
Inability to use talent.
Lack of discipline.
Poor self esteem.
Lack of courage.
Bad attitude.
Not ready for sacrifice.
he has always excuse
Lack of knowledge about system and company product.
No directions, visions or dreams, confused and lost.
No serious commitment to the business. Hence no serious action taken.
Too impatient. Wants to make big money too soon without being willing to put out the necessary effort
Complains too much and acts like an immature cry baby. A non producer.
Easily influenced by negative comments from family members, relatives and friends. Doesn’t listen to positive side, can not think for himself.
Always give to many excuses.
Thinks he knows everything.
Only interested in personal profit.
Unwilling to take risk. He waits and watches things happen instead of making thing happens.
Depends on spill overs by other people’s efforts, wants some thing for nothing.
Doesn’t read nor keep up with the latest happenings in the industry.
Has unprofessional appearance.
Lack self esteem.
Doest strive (struggle) to do his BEST.
Lack of persistence. [ Thomas Edison ]
Looking for short cut. [ example of shivaji]
Selfishness and greed.
Unwillingness to make plan and prepare.
Not learning from past mistake.
Inability to recognize the opportunity.
Fear.
Inability to use talent.
Lack of discipline.
Poor self esteem.
Lack of courage.
Bad attitude.
Not ready for sacrifice.
he has always excuse
Lack of knowledge about system and company product.
Network Topologies
Bus topology
A type of network setup where each of the computers and network devices are connected to a single cable or backbone. Below is a visual example of a simple computer setup on a network using the bus topology.
Ring topology
Also known as a ring network, the ring topology is a type of computer network configuration where each network computer and device are connected to each other forming a large circle (or similar shape). Each packet is sent around the ring until it reaches its final destination. Today, the ring topology is seldom used. Below is a visual example of a simple computer setup on a network using a ring topology.
Star topology
Also known as a star network, a star topology is one of the most common network setups where each of the devices and computers on a network connect to a central hub. A major disadvantage of this type of network topology is that if the central hub fails, all computers connected to that hub would be disconnected. Below is a visual example of a simple computer setup on a network using the star topology.
Mesh topologyA type of network setup where each of the computers and network devices are interconnected with one another, allowing for most transmissions to be distributed, even if one of the connections go down. This type of topology is not commonly used for most computer networks as it is difficult and expensive to have redundant connection to every computer. However, this type of topology is commonly used for wireless networks. Below is a visual example of a simple computer setup on a network using a mesh topology.
Tree topology
Also known as a star bus topology, tree topology is one of the most common types of network setups that is similar to a bus topology and a star topology. A tree topology connects multiple star networks to other star networks. Below is a visual example of a simple computer setup on a network using the star topology.
In the above example picture if the main cable or trunk between each of the two star topology networks failed, those networks would be unable to communicate with each other. However, computers on the same star topology would still be able to communicate with each other.
Hybrid topology A network topology that uses two or more network topologies
A type of network setup where each of the computers and network devices are connected to a single cable or backbone. Below is a visual example of a simple computer setup on a network using the bus topology.
Ring topology
Also known as a ring network, the ring topology is a type of computer network configuration where each network computer and device are connected to each other forming a large circle (or similar shape). Each packet is sent around the ring until it reaches its final destination. Today, the ring topology is seldom used. Below is a visual example of a simple computer setup on a network using a ring topology.
Star topology
Also known as a star network, a star topology is one of the most common network setups where each of the devices and computers on a network connect to a central hub. A major disadvantage of this type of network topology is that if the central hub fails, all computers connected to that hub would be disconnected. Below is a visual example of a simple computer setup on a network using the star topology.
Mesh topologyA type of network setup where each of the computers and network devices are interconnected with one another, allowing for most transmissions to be distributed, even if one of the connections go down. This type of topology is not commonly used for most computer networks as it is difficult and expensive to have redundant connection to every computer. However, this type of topology is commonly used for wireless networks. Below is a visual example of a simple computer setup on a network using a mesh topology.
Tree topology
Also known as a star bus topology, tree topology is one of the most common types of network setups that is similar to a bus topology and a star topology. A tree topology connects multiple star networks to other star networks. Below is a visual example of a simple computer setup on a network using the star topology.
In the above example picture if the main cable or trunk between each of the two star topology networks failed, those networks would be unable to communicate with each other. However, computers on the same star topology would still be able to communicate with each other.
Hybrid topology A network topology that uses two or more network topologies
I Love You In 100 Languages
English - I love you Afrikaans - Ek het jou lief Albanian - Te dua
Arabic - Ana behibak (to male)
Arabic - Ana behibek (to female)
Armenian - Yes kez sirumen
Bambara - M'bi fe
Bangla - Aamee tuma ke bhalo aashi
Belarusian - Ya tabe kahayu
Bisaya - Nahigugma ako kanimo
Bulgarian - Obicham te
Cambodian - Soro lahn nhee ah
Cantonese Chinese - Ngo oiy ney a
Catalan - T'estimo
Cheyenne - Ne mohotatse
Chichewa - Ndimakukonda
Corsican - Ti tengu caru (to male)
Creol - Mi aime jou
Croatian - Volim te
Czech - Miluji te
Danish - Jeg Elsker Dig
Dutch - Ik hou van jou
Esperanto - Mi amas vin
Estonian - Ma armastan sind
Ethiopian - Afgreki'Faroese - Eg elski teg
Farsi - Doset daram
Filipino - Mahal kita
Finnish - Mina rakastan sinua
French - Je t'aime, Je t'adore
Gaelic - Ta gra agam ort
Georgian - Mikvarhar
German - Ich liebe dich
Greek - S'agapo
Gujarati - Hoo thunay prem karoo chhoo
Hiligaynon - Palangga ko ikaw
Hawaiian - Aloha wau ia oi
Hebrew - Ani ohev otah (to female)
Hebrew - Ani ohev et otha (to male)
Hiligaynon - Guina higugma ko ikaw
Hindi - Hum Tumhe Pyar Karte hae
Hmong - Kuv hlub koj
Hopi - Nu' umi unangwa'ta
Hungarian - Szeretlek
Icelandic - Eg elska tig
Ilonggo - Palangga ko ikaw
Indonesian - Saya cinta padamu
Inuit - Negligevapse
Irish - Taim i' ngra leat
Italian - Ti amo
Japanese - Aishiteru
Kannada - Naanu ninna preetisuttene
Kapampangan - Kaluguran daka
Kiswahili - Nakupenda
Konkani - Tu magel moga cho
Korean - Sarang Heyo
Latin - Te amo
Latvian - Es tevi miilu
Lebanese - Bahibak
Lithuanian - Tave myliu
Malay - Saya cintakan mu / Aku cinta padamu
Malayalam - Njan Ninne Premikunnu
Mandarin Chinese - Wo ai ni
Marathi - Me tula prem karto
Mohawk - Kanbhik
Moroccan - Ana moajaba bik
Nahuatl - Ni mits neki
Navaho - Ayor anosh'ni
Norwegian - Jeg Elsker Deg
Pandacan - Syota na kita!!
Pangasinan - Inaru Taka
Papiamento - Mi ta stimabo
Persian - Doo-set daaram
Pig Latin - Iay ovlay ouyay
Polish - Kocham Ciebie
Portuguese - Eu te amo
Romanian - Te ubesk
Russian - Ya tebya liubliu
Scot Gaelic - Tha gra\dh agam ort
Serbian - Volim te
Setswana - Ke a go rata
Sign Language - ,\,,/ (represents position offingers whensigning'I Love You')
Sindhi - Maa tokhe pyar kendo ahyan
Sioux - TechihhilaSlovak - Lu`bim ta
Slovenian - Ljubim te
Spanish - Te quiero / Te amo
Swahili - Ninapenda wewe
Swedish - Jag alskar dig
Swiss-German - Ich lieb Di
Tagalog - Mahal kita
Taiwanese - Wa ga ei li
Tahitian - Ua Here Vau Ia Oe
Tamil - Nan unnai kathalikaraen
Telugu - Nenu ninnu premistunnanu
Thai - Chan rak khun (to male)
Thai - Phom rak khun (to female)
Turkish - Seni Seviyorum
Ukrainian - Ya tebe kahayu
Urdu - mai aap say pyaar karta hoo
Vietnamese - Anh ye^u em (to female)
Vietnamese - Em ye^u anh (to male)
Welsh - 'Rwy'n dy garu
Yiddish - Ikh hob dikh
Yoruba - Mo ni fe
Arabic - Ana behibak (to male)
Arabic - Ana behibek (to female)
Armenian - Yes kez sirumen
Bambara - M'bi fe
Bangla - Aamee tuma ke bhalo aashi
Belarusian - Ya tabe kahayu
Bisaya - Nahigugma ako kanimo
Bulgarian - Obicham te
Cambodian - Soro lahn nhee ah
Cantonese Chinese - Ngo oiy ney a
Catalan - T'estimo
Cheyenne - Ne mohotatse
Chichewa - Ndimakukonda
Corsican - Ti tengu caru (to male)
Creol - Mi aime jou
Croatian - Volim te
Czech - Miluji te
Danish - Jeg Elsker Dig
Dutch - Ik hou van jou
Esperanto - Mi amas vin
Estonian - Ma armastan sind
Ethiopian - Afgreki'Faroese - Eg elski teg
Farsi - Doset daram
Filipino - Mahal kita
Finnish - Mina rakastan sinua
French - Je t'aime, Je t'adore
Gaelic - Ta gra agam ort
Georgian - Mikvarhar
German - Ich liebe dich
Greek - S'agapo
Gujarati - Hoo thunay prem karoo chhoo
Hiligaynon - Palangga ko ikaw
Hawaiian - Aloha wau ia oi
Hebrew - Ani ohev otah (to female)
Hebrew - Ani ohev et otha (to male)
Hiligaynon - Guina higugma ko ikaw
Hindi - Hum Tumhe Pyar Karte hae
Hmong - Kuv hlub koj
Hopi - Nu' umi unangwa'ta
Hungarian - Szeretlek
Icelandic - Eg elska tig
Ilonggo - Palangga ko ikaw
Indonesian - Saya cinta padamu
Inuit - Negligevapse
Irish - Taim i' ngra leat
Italian - Ti amo
Japanese - Aishiteru
Kannada - Naanu ninna preetisuttene
Kapampangan - Kaluguran daka
Kiswahili - Nakupenda
Konkani - Tu magel moga cho
Korean - Sarang Heyo
Latin - Te amo
Latvian - Es tevi miilu
Lebanese - Bahibak
Lithuanian - Tave myliu
Malay - Saya cintakan mu / Aku cinta padamu
Malayalam - Njan Ninne Premikunnu
Mandarin Chinese - Wo ai ni
Marathi - Me tula prem karto
Mohawk - Kanbhik
Moroccan - Ana moajaba bik
Nahuatl - Ni mits neki
Navaho - Ayor anosh'ni
Norwegian - Jeg Elsker Deg
Pandacan - Syota na kita!!
Pangasinan - Inaru Taka
Papiamento - Mi ta stimabo
Persian - Doo-set daaram
Pig Latin - Iay ovlay ouyay
Polish - Kocham Ciebie
Portuguese - Eu te amo
Romanian - Te ubesk
Russian - Ya tebya liubliu
Scot Gaelic - Tha gra\dh agam ort
Serbian - Volim te
Setswana - Ke a go rata
Sign Language - ,\,,/ (represents position offingers whensigning'I Love You')
Sindhi - Maa tokhe pyar kendo ahyan
Sioux - TechihhilaSlovak - Lu`bim ta
Slovenian - Ljubim te
Spanish - Te quiero / Te amo
Swahili - Ninapenda wewe
Swedish - Jag alskar dig
Swiss-German - Ich lieb Di
Tagalog - Mahal kita
Taiwanese - Wa ga ei li
Tahitian - Ua Here Vau Ia Oe
Tamil - Nan unnai kathalikaraen
Telugu - Nenu ninnu premistunnanu
Thai - Chan rak khun (to male)
Thai - Phom rak khun (to female)
Turkish - Seni Seviyorum
Ukrainian - Ya tebe kahayu
Urdu - mai aap say pyaar karta hoo
Vietnamese - Anh ye^u em (to female)
Vietnamese - Em ye^u anh (to male)
Welsh - 'Rwy'n dy garu
Yiddish - Ikh hob dikh
Yoruba - Mo ni fe
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